Abstract
With the maximum bubble pressure method, the density and surface tension were measured for five Ag-Bi liquid alloys (X Bi=0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75), as well as for pure silver. The experiments were performed in the temperature range 544–1443 K. Linear dependences of both density and surface tension versus temperature were observed, and therefore the experimental data were described by linear equations. The density dependence on concentration and temperature was derived using the polynomial method. A similar dependence of surface tension on temperature and concentration is presented. Next, the Gibbs energy of formation of solid Bi2O3, as well as activities of Bi in liquid Ag-Bi alloys, were determined by a solid-state electromotive force (emf) technique using the following galvanic cells: Ni, NiO, Pt/O −2/W, Ag X Bi (1−X), Bi 2 O 3(s). The Gibbs energy of formation of solid Bi2O3 from pure elements was derived: \(\Delta G_{f(\alpha - Bi_2 O_3 )}^0 \)=−598 148 + 309.27T [J · mol−1] and \(\Delta G_{f(\delta - Bi_2 O_3 )}^0 \)=−548 008 + 258.94T [J · mol−1]; the temperature and the heat of the α → δ transformation for this solid oxide were calculated as 996 K and 50.14 J · mol−1. Activities of Bi in the liquid alloys were determined in the temperature range from 860–1075 K, for five Ag-Bi alloys (X Ag=0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8), and a Redlich-Kister polynomial expansion was used to describe the thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase. Using Thermo-Calc software, the Ag-Bi phase diagram was calculated. Finally, thermodynamic data were used to predict surface tension behavior in the Ag-Bi binary system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Sugden: J. Chem. Soc., 1924, 121, pp. 858–68.
J.A.V. Butler: Proc. Roy. Soc., 1932, A135, pp. 347–75.
E.A. Guggenheim: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, 33, pp. 151–56.
O. Redlich and A.T. Kister: Ind. Eng. Chem., 1948, 40, pp. 345–48.
O.J. Kleppa: J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, pp. 446–52.
T.P. Hoar and D.A. Melford: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1957, 53, pp. 315–26.
Z. Grzegorczyk: Roczniki Chemii, 1960, 34, pp. 621–23.
Z. Grzegorczyk: Roczniki Chemii, 1961, 35, pp. 307–15.
G. Gattow and H. Schroder: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chemie, 1962, 318, pp. 176–89.
M.W. Nathans and M. Leider: J. Phys. Chem., 1962, 66, pp. 2012–16.
A.T. Aldred and I.N. Pratt: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, pp. 673–78.
J.B. Raynor: Bunsenges. Ber., 1963, 67, pp. 629–32.
R. Hultgren, R.L. Orr, P.D. Anderson, and K.K. Kelly: Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloy, Wiley, New York-London, 1963.
T.E. Faber and D.E. Ziman: Philos. Mag., 1965, 11, pp. 153–73.
K. Itagaki and A. Yazawa: J. Jpn. Inst. Metals, 1968, 32, pp. 1294–300.
G.G. Charette and S.N. Flengas: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1968, 11, pp. 796–804.
W. Volk: Applied Statistics for Engineers, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1969, pp. 260–83.
A.B. Bhatia and D.E. Thornton: Phys. Rev., 1970, B2, pp. 3004–12.
R. Castanet, Y. Claire, M. Gilbert, and G. Laffitte: Rev. Hautes Temper Refract., 1970, 7, pp. 51–59 (in French).
A.V.R. Rao and V.B. Tare: Scripta Metall., 1971, 5, pp. 807–11.
D. Chatterji and J.V. Smith: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1973, 120, pp. 889–93.
B. Predel and A. Emam: Z. Metallkd., 1973, 64, pp. 496–501.
G.M. Mehrota, M.G. Frohberg, and M.L. Kapoor: Z. Phys. Chem., 1976, 99, pp. 304–11.
B. Zimmermann, E.T Henig, and H.L. Lukas: Z. Metallkd., 1976, 67, pp. 815–20.
B. Predel and H. Bankstahl: Z. Metallkd., 1976, 67, pp. 793–99.
Z. Moser, M. Kucharski, and K. Rzyman: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1978, 125, pp. 692–97.
S.N. Zadumkin, Ch.I. Ibrachimov, and D.T. Ozniew: Izv. VUZ, Cvet. Metall., 1979, 22, pp. 82–85.
F. Sommer, D. Eschenweck, and B. Predel: Z. Metallkd., 1980, 71, pp. 249–52.
K. Fitzner: Thermochim. Acta, 1980, 35, pp. 277–86.
D. Schmid, V. Behrens, and Th. Hehenkamp: Acta Metall., 1988, 36, pp. 621–25.
Anon.: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 1, 2nd ed., T.B. Massalski, ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.
K. Kameda and K. Yamaguchi: J. Jpn. Inst. Metals, 1991, 55, pp. 536–44.
A.T. Dinsdale: Calphad, 1991, 15, pp. 317–425.
I. Karakaya and W.T. Thompson: J. Phase Equilibria, 1993, 14, pp. 525–30.
S. Hassam, M. Gambino, and J.P. Bros: Z. Metallkd., 1994, 85, pp. 460–71.
T. Tanaka and T. Iida: Steel Research, 1994, 65, pp. 21–28.
T. Tanaka, K. Hack, T. Iida, and S. Hara: Z. Metallkde., 1996, 87, pp. 380–89.
T. Tanaka, K. Hack, and S. Hara: MRS Bull., 1999, 24, pp. 45–50.
W. Gasior, Z. Moser, and J. Pstruś: J. Phase Equilibria, 2001, 22, pp. 20–25.
Z. Moser, W. Gasior, and J. Pstruś: J. Phase Equilibria, 2001, 22, pp. 254–58.
Z. Moser, W. Gasior, and J. Pstruś: J. Electron. Mater., 2001, 30, pp. 1104–11.
Z. Moser, W. Gasior, J. Pstruś, W. Zakulski, I. Ohnuma, X.J. Liu, Y. Inohana, and K. Ishida: J. Electronic Mater., 2001, 30, pp. 1120–28.
I. Egry: Z. Metallkde., 2001, 92, pp. 50–52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gasior, W., Pstruś, J., Moser, Z. et al. Surface tension and thermodynamic properties of liquid Ag-Bi solutions. JPE 24, 40–49 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-003-0005-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-003-0005-5