Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Finite Element Simulation of Impacting Behavior of Particles in Cold Spraying by Eulerian Approach

  • Technical Note
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, an investigation on the impacting behavior of cold-sprayed particles using the Eulerian formulation available in ABAQUS/Explicit was conducted with typical copper material. The results show that a jet cannot be formed at an impact velocity less than about 290 m/s, while a continuous jet composed of both particle and substrate materials begins to initially form at about 290 m/s and a maximum equivalent plastic strain plateau can be found, which could be the approximate critical velocity. In addition, the jet presents discontinuities and the splashing causes the loss of material as the impact velocity exceeds the velocity extent of 290-400 m/s. Therefore, through theoretical analysis of the jet morphology, the Eulerian model could provide a prediction of the critical velocity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H. Fukanuma, N. Ohno, B. Sun, and R.Z. Huang, In-Flight Particle Velocity Measurements with DPV-2000 in Cold Spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 5(201), p 1935-1941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. C.K.S. Moy, J. Cairney, G. Ranzi, M. Jahedi, and S.P. Ringer, Investigating the Microstructure and Composition of Cold Gas-Dynamic Spray (CGDS) Ti Powder Deposited on Al 6063 Substrate, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 23(204), p 3739-3749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Papyrin, Cold Spray Technology, Adv. Mater. Process, 2001, 9(159), p 49-51

    Google Scholar 

  4. H. Assadi, F. Gartner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 15(51), p 4379-4394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Grujicic, C.L. Zhao, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Adiabatic Shear Instability Based Mechanism for Particles/Substrate Bonding in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Mater. Des., 2004, 8(25), p 681-688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. T. Schmidt, F. Gartner, H. Assadi, and H. Kreye, Development of a Generalized Parameter Window for Cold Spray Deposition, Acta Mater., 2006, 3(54), p 729-742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. C.J. Li, W.Y. Li, and H.L. Liao, Examination of the Critical Velocity for Deposition of Particles in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 2(15), p 212-222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. W.Y. Li, H.L. Liao, C.J. Li, H.S. Bang, and C. Coddet, Numerical Simulation of Deformation Behavior of Al Particles Impacting on Al Substrate and Effect of Surface Oxide Films on Interfacial Bonding in Cold Spraying, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 11(253), p 5084-5509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. W.Y. Li, H.L. Liao, C.J. Li, G. Li, C. Coddet, and X.F. Wang, On High Velocity Impact of Micro-Sized Metallic Particles in Cold Spraying, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006, 5(253), p 2852-2862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Michel, J.M. Chevalier, C. Durin, C. Espinosa, F. Malaise, and J.J. Barrau, Meshless Modelling of Dynamic Behaviour of Glasses Under Intense Shock Loadings: Application to Matter Ejection During High Velocity Impacts on Thin Brittle Targets, J. Phys. IV, 2006, 134, p 1077-1083

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. W.Y. Li, S. Yin, and X.F. Wang, Numerical Investigations of the Effect of Oblique Impact on Particle Deformation in Cold Spraying by the SPH Method, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 12(256), p 3725-3734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Yin, X.F. Wang, B.P. Xu, and W.Y. Li, Examination on the Calculation Method for Modeling the Multi-Particle Impact Process in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 5(19), p 1032-1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J.T. Carroll and J.S. Strenkowski, Finite-Element Models of Orthogonal Cutting with Application to Single Point Diamond Turning, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1988, 12(30), p 899-920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S.R. Beissel and G.R. Johnson, Hypervelocity Impact Computation with Finite Elements and Meshfree Particles, Int. J. Impact Eng., 2006, 33, p 89-90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A.R. Khoei, A.R. Azami, M. Anahid, and R.W. Lewis, A Three-Invariant Hardening Plasticity for Numerical Simulation of Powder Forming Processes via the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian FE Model, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 2006, 5(66), p 843-877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual, ABAQUS 6.8 HTML Documentation, Dassault Systèmes, 2008.

  17. W.Y. Li and W. Gao, Some Aspects on 3D Numerical Modeling of High Velocity Impact of Particles in Cold Spraying by Explicit Finite Element Analysis, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 18(255), p 7878-7892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Bae, Y. Xiong, S. Kumar, K. Kang, and C. Lee, General Aspects of Interface Bonding in Kinetic Sprayed Coatings, Acta Mater., 2008, 17(56), p 4858-4868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. D.J. Benson and S. Okazawa, Contact in a Multi-Material Eulerian Finite Element Formulation, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 2004, 193(39-41), p 4277-4298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R.C. Dykhuizen, M.F. Smith, D.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, X. Jiang, and S. Sampath, Impact of High Velocity Cold Spray Particles, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 4(8), p 559-564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Vlcek, L. Gimeno, H. Huber, and E. Lugscheider, A Systematic Approach to Material Eligibility for the Cold Spray Processes, Mater. Lett., 2004, 58, p 37-44

    Google Scholar 

  22. S.H. Zahiri, D. Fraser, S. Gulizia, and M. Jahedi, Effect of Processing Conditions on Porosity Formation in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying of Copper, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 3(15), p 422-430

    Google Scholar 

  23. W.Y. Li, X.P. Guo, M. Yu, H.L. Liao, and C. Coddet, Investigation of Impact Behavior of Cold-Sprayed Large Annealed Copper Particles and Characterization of Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(1-2), p 252-259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. T. Stoltenhoff, J. Voyer, and H. Kreye, Cold Spraying: State of the Art and Applicability, International Thermal Spray Conference, E.L.C.C. Berndt, Ed., 2002 (Essen, Germany), 2002, p 366-374

  25. F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, T. Schmidt, and H. Kreye, The Cold Spray Process and Its Potential for Industrial Applications, Thermal Spray Connects: Explore Its Surfacing Potential, E. Lugscheider, Ed., DVS Deutscher Verband fur Schweißen, 2005 (Basel, Switzerland), 2005, p 158-163

  26. D.L. Gilmore, R.C. Dykhuizen, R.A. Neiser, T.J. Roemer, and M.F. Smith, Particle Velocity and Deposition Efficiency in the Cold Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 4(8), p 576-582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. K. Kang, S. Yoon, Y. Ji, and C. Lee, Oxidation Dependency of Critical Velocity for Aluminum Feedstock Deposition in Kinetic Spraying Process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 1-2(486), p 300-307

    Google Scholar 

  28. C.J. Li, H.T. Wang, Q. Zhang, G.J. Yang, W.Y. Li, and H.L. Liao, Influence of Spray Materials and Their Surface Oxidation on the Critical Velocity in Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19(1-2), p 95-101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Zener and J.H. Holoman, Effect of Strain Rate upon Plastic Flow of Steels, J. Appl. Phys., 1944, 15, p 22-32

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the following for financial support: Ao-Xiang Star Project of NPU (Northwestern Polytechnical University), the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (NPU, China) (Grant No. 69-QP-2011), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University by the Ministry of Education of China (NECT-08-0463), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51005180) and the 111 Project (B08040).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, People’s Republic of China

    M. Yu, W.-Y. Li & F. F. Wang

  2. LERMPS, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, Site de Sévenans, 90010, Belfort Cedex, France

    M. Yu & H. L. Liao

Authors
  1. M. Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W.-Y. Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. F. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. L. Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to M. Yu or W.-Y. Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yu, M., Li, WY., Wang, F.F. et al. Finite Element Simulation of Impacting Behavior of Particles in Cold Spraying by Eulerian Approach. J Therm Spray Tech 21, 745–752 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-011-9717-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-011-9717-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation