Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Solute and Precipitate Effects on Static Recrystallization and Grain Growth Kinetics of Ce-Containing Mg Alloys

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Solute and precipitate effects on static recrystallization (SRX) and grain growth were examined by systematically varying Zn content and substituting Ce for Zn in ZK60 alloys. Thermal treatments after extrusion and cold rolling were performed, and SRX was observed to initiate at shear bands and grain boundaries of primarily non-basal grains in all as-rolled samples. Increased precipitate and solute content decreased grain growth kinetics. Basal grains were found to grow preferentially during grain growth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. Letzig, J. Swiostek, J. Bohlen, P.A. Beaven, and K.U. Kainer, Wrought Magnesium Alloys for Structural Applications, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2008, 24(8), p 991–996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Easton, A. Beer, M. Barnett, C. Davies, G. Dunlop, Y. Durandet, S. Blacket, T. Hilditch, and P. Beggs, Magnesium Alloy Applications in Automotive Structures, JOM, 2008, 60(11), p 57–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. N. Stanford and M.R. Barnett, The Origin of “Rare Earth” Texture Development in Extruded Mg-Based Alloys and Its Effect on Tensile Ductility, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 496(1–2), p 399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Yu, Y.M. Kim, B.S. You, H.S. Yu, and S.H. Park, Effects of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Hot Workability of ZK60 Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 559, p 798–807.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. E.P. Silva, R.H. Buzolin, F. Marques, F. Soldera, U. Alfaro, and H.C. Pinto, Effect of Ce-Base Mischmetal Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled ZK60 Alloy, J. Magnes. Alloys, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.09.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J.J. Bhattacharyya, S.R. Agnew, and G. Muralidharan, Texture Enhancement during Grain Growth of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B, Acta Mater., 2015, 86, p 80–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. M.T. Pérez-Prado and O.A. Ruano, Texture Evolution during Annealing of Magnesium AZ31 Alloy, Scr. Mater., 2002, 46(2), p 149–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J.A. Chapman and D.U. Wilson, Room-Temperature Ductility of Fine-Grain Magnesium, J. Inst. Met., 1962, 91(1), p 39.

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. Al-Samman and X. Li, Sheet Texture Modification in Magnesium-Based Alloys by Selective Rare Earth Alloying, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(10), p 3809–3822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Bohlen, M.R. Nürnberg, J.W. Senn, D. Letzig, and S.R. Agnew, The Texture and Anisotropy of Magnesium-Zinc-Rare Earth Alloy Sheets, Acta Mater., 2007, 55(6), p 2101–2112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Wang, S.B. Kang, and J. Cho, Effect of Hot Compression and Annealing on Microstructure Evolution of ZK60 Magnesium Alloys, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44(20), p 5475–5484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.-F. Nie, Precipitation and Hardening in Magnesium Alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43(11), p 3891–3939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. X. Gao, S.M. He, X.Q. Zeng, L.M. Peng, W.J. Ding, and J.F. Nie, Microstructure Evolution in a Mg-15Gd-0.5Zr (wt.%) Alloy during Isothermal Aging at 250 °C, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 431(1–2), p 322–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J.P. Hadorn, K. Hantzsche, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, and S.R. Agnew, Effects of Solute and Second-Phase Particles on the Texture of Nd-Containing Mg Alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43(4), p 1363–1375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. E.A. Ball and P.B. Prangnell, Tensile-Compressive Yield Asymmetries in High Strength Wrought Magnesium Alloys, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1994, 31(2), p 111–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J.E. Burke and D. Turnbull, Recrystallization and Grain Growth, Prog. Met. Phys., 1952, 3, p 220–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. X. Fang, D. Yi, W. Luo, B. Wang, X. Zhang, and F. Zheng, Effects of Yttrium on Recrystallization and Grain Growth of Mg-4.9Zn-0.7Zr Alloy, J. Rare Earths, 2008, 26(3), p 392–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Sheikhani, Y. Palizdar, M. Soltan Ali Nezhad, S. Najafi, and H. Torkamani, The Effect of Ce Addition (up to 3%) and Extrusion Ratio on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of ZK60 Mg Alloy, Mater. Res. Express, 2019, 6(8), p 086594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Agarwal, S.G. Fries, H.L. Lukas, G. Petzow, E. Sommer, T.G. Chart, and G. Effenberg, Assessment of the Mg-Zn System, Int. J. Mater. Res., 1992, 83(4), p 216–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J.J. Park and L.L. Wyman, Phase Relationships in Magnesium Alloys. Period Covered: December 1954 to August 1957. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1957, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4312291. Accessed 16 December 2022.

  21. R. Pei, Y. Zou, D. Wei, and T. Al-Samman, Grain Boundary Co-Segregation in Magnesium Alloys with Multiple Substitutional Elements, Acta Mater., 2021, 208, 116749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support by the Center for Advanced Non-Ferrous Structural Alloys (CANFSA), a National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) (Award No. 1624836) at the Colorado School of Mines. Mag Specialties, Inc. supplied and designed all alloys evaluated during the project duration.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Center for Advanced Non-Ferrous Structural Alloys (CANFSA), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA

    G. K. Storey, A. Eres-Castellanos, N. Peterson, B. N. L. McBride, A. J. Clarke & K. D. Clarke

  2. Mag Specialties Inc., Denver, CO, 80210, USA

    S. Sutton & D. Hartman

Authors
  1. G. K. Storey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Eres-Castellanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. Peterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Sutton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. B. N. L. McBride
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. Hartman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A. J. Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. K. D. Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. D. Clarke.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This invited article is part of a special topical focus in the Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance on Magnesium. The issue was organized by Prof. C. (Ravi) Ravindran, Dr. Raja Roy, Mr. Payam Emadi, and Mr. Bernoulli Andilab, Ryerson University.

Appendix

Appendix

See Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Representative IPF maps for as-received, as-rolled, and 350 °C annealed samples. The scale bar for each map is 100 μm, and the scan dimensions are 400 × 400 μm. These maps are taken transverse to the rolling direction

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Representative IPF maps for as-received, as-rolled, and 400 °C annealed samples. The scale bar for each map is 100 μm, and the scan dimensions are 400 × 400 μm. These maps are taken transverse to the rolling direction

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Curves of dmean, the mean grain size, and dmax, the maximum diameter of recrystallized grains, vs. annealing time after 15% CW

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Curves of d2 − t with linear fits at 350 and 400 °C for each alloy

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Curves of lnK − 1/T with linear fits for each alloy

Full size image
Fig. 6
figure 6

Curves of hardness at each annealing time, at 350 and 400 °C for each alloy

Full size image

See Tables 1,

Table 1 Target and actual compositional matrix (all in wt.%) for five alloys studied, varied by volume fraction and percent pinning phases calculated using PANDAT CompuTherm
Full size table

2

Table 2 Determined % SRX values for 6 h and 10 h annealing times for 350 °C and 400 °C for each alloy
Full size table

and 3.

Table 3 Calculated values of Q and the determined grain growth models for each alloy
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Storey, G.K., Eres-Castellanos, A., Peterson, N. et al. Solute and Precipitate Effects on Static Recrystallization and Grain Growth Kinetics of Ce-Containing Mg Alloys. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 32, 2543–2551 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07977-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07977-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation