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The Effects of Heat Treatment on Tensile and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Invar36

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Abstract

This study is concerned with the effects of heat treatments and build orientation on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and tensile behavior in the context of laser powder-bed fusion of Invar36. Tensile and CTE samples printed in the x, y, and z orientations were annealed, hot isostatic pressing (HIP)-treated, and subsequently characterized for porosity, thermal expansion, and tensile behavior. Porosity was determined through computed tomography and showed that HIP closed most of the pores. Some anisotropy in tensile strength was statistically identified both before and after HIP and was not found to completely depend on porosity. The CTE was found to depend on build orientation and porosity; the CTE values determined (average 1.47 ± 0.06 µm/m °C for 30-100 °C) were lower than typical for conventionally manufactured Invar36. Most importantly, HIP after annealing was found to reduce the porosity levels and affect neither the tensile properties nor the CTE values.

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Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the funding support received from the Ontario Advanced Manufacturing Consortium (AMC), from the Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Laboratory (MSAM) at the University of Waterloo, and notably from the industry partner Burloak Technologies in pursuit of research discovery. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge: Hamid Azizi, from Burloak Technologies, for general and technical suggestions throughout the work; Thanh (Henry) Ma, Research Associate at (MSAM), for running CT measurements and whose thesis contributions on “Process Mapping and Optimal Process Window Identification for Laser Powder-Bed Fusion of Invar36” have set the initial foundation for the present work and have served as inspiration to outline the motivation behind the work; and Justin Memar-Makhsous, Co-op Student at MSAM, for running CTE measurements on the samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Issa Rishmawi, Allan Rogalsky & Mihaela Vlasea

  2. Burloak Technologies (A Division of Samuel Son & Co.), Oakville, ON, Canada

    Mehrnaz Salarian & Soheil Bakhshivash

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  1. Issa Rishmawi
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  2. Allan Rogalsky
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  3. Mihaela Vlasea
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  4. Mehrnaz Salarian
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  5. Soheil Bakhshivash
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Correspondence to Issa Rishmawi.

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Rishmawi, I., Rogalsky, A., Vlasea, M. et al. The Effects of Heat Treatment on Tensile and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Invar36. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 31, 9727–9739 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07013-x

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