Abstract
This part of the study aimed to investigate the effects of cryogenic treatment applied to uncoated high speed steel (HSS) end mills on cutting forces (Fc), surface roughness (Ra), and tool life. The milling tests were performed at four cutting speeds (40, 50, 60, and 70 m/min), three feeds (0.018, 0.024, and 0.03 mm/rev), and a depth of cut (2 mm) under dry and wet conditions. Three categories of uncoated HSS end mills were used in the tests: conventional heat treated (CHT), cryo-treated (CT), cryo-treated and tempered uncoated (CTT), and TiAlN/TiN multilayer coated (MLC) end mills. The test results showed that the lowest values of Fc and Ra were measured with the use of MLC end mills. However, the cryogenic treatment provided in a reduction in Fc and Ra values. In addition, under wet conditions, the CTT end mills exhibited better performance than the CHT ones by 71.4%. The test results showed while cryogenic treatment is a useful and cheap application in steels, it does not have the ability to compete with coating technology in terms of tool life in milling of hot work tool steel. This paper is organized into two sections. In the first section, cutting performance of cryo-treated and multilayer coated end mills is evaluated. In the second section, performance comparison of cryo-treated WC-Co (Part 1), HSS (Part 2), and MLC end mills in milling of AISI H13 hot work tool steel is presented.
Access this article
We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.
Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.A.A. Ghani, I.A.A. Choudhury and H.H.H. Masjuki, Performance of P10 TiN Coated Carbide Tools When End Milling AISI H13 Tool Steel at High Cutting Speed, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2004, 153-154, p 1062-1066.
W. Grzesik, Cutting Tool Materials, Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic Materials, 2nd ed. Elsevier, Oxford, 2017.
A. Razavykia, C. Delprete and P. Baldissera, Correlation Between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review, Materials, 2019, 12(20), p 3302.
C.H.M. Maia and R.O. Cunha Lima, Comparative Study of Surface Modification Techniques through Average Flank Wear in High Speed Steel Tools Coated with Thin TiN Film, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2019, 366, p 124-130.
M. Hu, L. Jing, Q. An, W. Ming, C. Bian and M. Chen, Tribological Properties and Milling Performance of HSS-Co-E Tools with Fluorinated Surfactants-Based Coatings against Ti-6Al-4V, Wear, 2017, 376-377(A), p 134-142.
P. Haja Syeddu Masooth and V. Jayakumar, Experimental Investigation on Surface Finish of Drilled Hole by TiAlN, TiN, AlCrN Coated HSS Drill under Dry Conditions, Mater. Today Proc., 2020, 22(3), p 315-321.
S.S. Gill, H. Singh, R. Singh and J. Singh, Cryoprocessing of Cutting Tool Materials—A Review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2010, 48, p 175-192.
A.J. Vimal, A. Bensely, D.M. Lal and K. Srinivasan, Deep Cryogenic Treatment Improves Wear Resistance of En 31 Steel, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2008, 23, p 360-376.
A. Çiçek, T. Kıvak, I. Uygur, E. Ekici and Y. Turgut, Performance of Cryogenically Treated M35 HSS Drills in Drilling of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 60, p 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3616-8
V. Firouzdor, E. Nejati and F. Khomamizadeh, Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance and Tool Life of M2 HSS Drill, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 206(1-3), p 467-472.
F. Cajner, V. Leskovsek, D. Landek and H. Cajner, Effect of Deep-Cryogenic Treatment on High Speed Steel Properties, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2009, 24(7-8), p 743-746.
J.Y. Huang, Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, I.J. Beyerlein, M.A. Bourke and T.E. Mitchell, Microstructure of Cryogenic Treated M2 Tool Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 339(1-2), p 241-244.
S. Kumar, M.R. Ahmed, M. Lokesha and L.H. Manjunath, Investigation of Machinability Characteristics on C45 Steel with Cryogenically Treated M2 HSS Tool Using Statistical Technique, Int. J. Simul. Multidiscip. Des. Optim., 2019, 10, p A5.
P.I. Patil, B. Kumar, M.M. Patil, and P. Karole, Analysis of Cryogenic Treatment for Machining Performance of HSS M2 Type Tool, 2018, AIP Conf Proc, p 020010.
S.S. Gill, R. Singh, H. Singh and J. Singh, Wear Behaviour of Cryogenically Treated Tungsten Carbide Inserts under Dry and Wet Turning Conditions, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2009, 49(3-4), p 256-260.
A. Molinari, M. Pellizzari, S. Gialanella, G. Straffelini and K.H. Stiasny, Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2001, 118(1-3), p 350-355.
T. Kivak and U. Şeker, Effect of Cryogenic Treatment Applied to M42 HSS Drills on the Machinability of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Mater. Tehnol., 2015, 49(6), p 949-956.
K.K. Ray and D. Das, Improved Wear Resistance of Steels by Cryotreatment: The Current State of Understanding, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(3), p 340-354.
S.S. Gill, J. Singh, R. Singh and H. Singh, Metallurgical Principles of Cryogenically Treated Tool Steels—A Review on the Current State of Science, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 54, p 59-82.
A. Akhbarizadeh, S. Javadpour and K. Amini, Investigating the Effect of Electric Current Flow on the Wear Behavior of 1.2080 Tool Steel during the Deep Cryogenic Heat Treatment, Mater. Des., 2013, 45, p p103-109.
V.G. Gavriljuk, W. Theisen, V.V. Sirosh, E.V. Polshin, A. Kortmann, G.S. Mogilny, Y.N. Petrov and Y.V. Tarusin, Low-Temperature Martensitic Transformation in Tool Steels in Relation to Their Deep Cryogenic Treatment, Acta Mater., 2013, 61(5), p 1705-1715.
D. Das, A.K. Dutta and K.K. Ray, Sub-Zero Treatments of AISI D2 Steel: Part I. Microstructure and Hardness, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(9), p 2182-2193.
P.H.S. Cardoso, C.L. Israel, M.B. da Silva, G.A. Klein and L. Soccol, Effects of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure, Impact Toughness and Wear Resistance of an AISI D6 Tool Steel, Wear, 2020, 456-457, p 203382.
A. Çiçek, T. Kıvak, I. Uygur, E. Ekici and Y. Turgut, Performance of Cryogenically Treated M35 HSS Drills in Drilling of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 60(1-4), p 65-73.
D. Mohan Lal, S. Renganarayanan and A. Kalanidhi, Cryogenic Treatment to Augment Wear Resistance of Tool and Die Steels, Cryogenics (Guildf), 2001, 41(3), p 149-155.
A.V. Muthusamy Subramanian, M.D.G. Nachimuthu and V. Cinnasamy, Assessment of Cutting Force and Surface Roughness in LM6/SiC p Using Response Surface Methodology, J. Appl. Res. Technol., 2017, 15(3), p 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.01.013
H. Kull Neto, A.E. Diniz and R. Pederiva, The Influence of Cutting Forces on Surface Roughness in the Milling of Curved Hardened Steel Surfaces, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 84, p 1209-1218.
M. Groover, Fundementals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes and Systems, 5th ed. Wiley, New Jersey, 2010.
K.D. Bouzakis, N. Michailidis, G. Skordaris, E. Bouzakis, D. Biermann and R. M’Saoubi, Cutting with Coated Tools: Coating Technologies, Characterization Methods and Performance Optimization, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 61(2), p 703-723.
F. Klocke, Manufacturing Processes 1: Cutting, Springer, , RWTHedition, Heidelberg, 2011.
S.S. Gill, J. Singh, H. Singh and R. Singh, Metallurgical and Mechanical Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co), Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 58, p 119-131.
A. Sert and O.N. Celik, Characterization of the Mechanism of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructural Changes in Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools, Mater. Charact., 2019, 150, p 1-7.
J. Yong and C. Ding, Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on WC-Co Cemented Carbides, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(3), p 1735-1739.
N.S. Kalsi, R. Sehgal and V.S. Sharma, Effect of Tempering after Cryogenic Treatment of Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Bounded Inserts, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2014, 37, p 327-335.
Y.F. Xie, X.C. Xie, Z.W. Li, R.J. Cao, Z.K. Lin, Q. Li and C.G. Lin, Microstructure and Properties of Coarse-Grained WC–10Co Cemented Carbides with Different Carbon Contents during Heat Treatments, Rare Met., 2019, 2(4-5), p 1814-1824.
S.A. Chopra and V.G. Sargade, Metallurgy Behind the Cryogenic Treatment of Cutting Tools: An Overview, Mater. Today Proc., 2015, 2, p 1814-1824.
V. Varghese, M.R. Ramesh and D. Chakradhar, Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Performance of Cemented Carbide (WC-Co) Inserts during Dry End Milling of Maraging Steel, J. Manuf. Process., 2019, 37, p 242-250.
I. Krajinović, W. Daves, M. Tkadletz, T. Teppernegg, T. Klünsner, N. Schalk, C. Mitterer, C. Tritremmel, W. Ecker and C. Czettl, Finite Element Study of the Influence of Hard Coatings on Hard Metal Tool Loading during Milling, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 304, p 134-141.
G. Hao, Z. Liu, X. Liang and J. Zhao, Influences of TiAlN Coating on Cutting Temperature during Orthogonal Machining H13 Hardened Steel, Coatings, 2019, 9, p 355.
O.N. Celik, A. Sert, H. Gasan and M. Ulutan, Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and the Wear Behavior of WC-Co End Mills for Machining of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2018, 95, p 2989-2999.
P. Yan, Y. Rong and G. Wang, The Effect of Cutting Fluids Applied in Metal Cutting Process, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., 2016, 230, p 1-19.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to place their sincere thanks to Duzce University Scientific Research Project Division for financial support for the Project No: BAP - 2011.03.02.065.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Çiçek, A., Ekici, E., Kıvak, T. et al. Performance of Multilayer Coated and Cryo-treated Uncoated Tools in Machining of AISI H13 Tool Steel—Part 2: HSS End Mills. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 3446–3457 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05657-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05657-9