Abstract
This research work studied the effect of cold rolling reduction and subsequent annealing temperature on the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of Fe-32Mn-4Si-2Al twinning-induced plasticity steel plates. For this, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out for three cold rolling reductions (50, 65 and 80%) and subsequent annealing treatment at 550-750 °C for 1.8 ks. The results were discussed in terms of the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and total elongation and its dependence on the introduced microstructure. Regression analysis was used to develop the mathematical models of the mechanical properties. Moreover, analysis of variance was employed to verify the precision of the mathematical models. Finally, desirability function was used as an effective optimization approach for multi-objective optimization of the cold rolling reduction and annealing temperature. It is considerable that there is no research attempting to find optimum mechanical properties of the steels using this approach. The results indicated that applying large cold rolling reduction (upper than 75%) and subsequent annealing treatment in the recovery region and also the application of large cold rolling reduction and the subsequent annealing treatment in the lower limit of partial recrystallization region were effective methods to obtain an excellent combination of mechanical properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
O. Bouaziz, S. Allain, C.P. Scott, P. Cugy, and D. Barbier, High Manganese Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity Steels: A Review of the Microstructure Properties Relationships, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, 15(4), p 141–168
L. Chen, Y. Zhao, and X. Qin, Some Aspects of High Manganese Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel, A Review, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett., 2013, 26(1), p 1–15
M. Eskandari, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.R. Kamali, M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, and J.A. Szpunar, Strain Hardening During Hot Compression Through Planar Dislocation and Twin-Like Structure in a Low-Density High-Mn Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(10), p 3567–3576
M. Daamen, O. Guvenc, M. Bambach, and G. Hirt, Development of Efficient Production Routes Based on Strip Casting for Advanced High Strength Steels for Crash-Relevant Parts, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol., 2014, 63, p 265–268
O. Gra, L. Kru, G. Frommeyer, and L.W. Meyer, High Strength Fe ± Mn ± (Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP Steels Development Properties Application, Int. J. Plast., 2000, 16, p 1391–1409
B.X. Huang, X.D. Wang, L. Wang, and Y.H. Rong, Effect of Nitrogen on Stacking Fault Formation Probability and Mechanical Properties of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, 39(4), p 717–724
S. Curtze and V.-T. Kuokkala, Dependence of Tensile Deformation Behavior of TWIP Steels on Stacking Fault Energy, Temperature and Strain Rate, Acta Mater., 2010, 58(15), p 5129–5141
X. Peng, D. Zhu, Z. Hu, W. Yi, H. Liu, and M. Wang, Stacking Fault Energy and Tensile Deformation Behavior of High-Carbon Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels: Effect of Cu Addition, Mater. Des., 2013, 45, p 518–523
M. Eskandari, A. Zarei-hanzaki, and A. Marandi, An Investigation Into the Mechanical Behavior of a New Transformation-Twinning Induced Plasticity Steel, Mater. Des., 2012, 39, p 279–284
F. Liu, W.J. Dan, and W.G. Zhang, Strain Hardening Model of Twinning Induced Plasticity Steel at Different Temperatures, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 737–742
S. Hamdi and F. Asgari, Evaluation of the Role of Deformation Twinning in Work Hardening Behavior of Face-Centered-Cubic Polycrystals, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2008, 39(2), p 294–303
R.D. Asgari, S. El-Danaf, E. Kalidindi, and S.R. Doherty, Strain Hardening Regimes and Microstructural Evolution During Large Strain Compression of Low Stacking Fault Energy Fee Alloys that Form Deformation Twins, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 1997, 28(9), p 1781–1795
O. Bouaziz, S. Allain, and C. Scott, Effect of Grain and Twin Boundaries on the Hardening Mechanisms of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels, Scr. Mater., 2008, 58(6), p 484–487
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia and D. Raabe, Grain Size Effect on Strain Hardening in Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels, Scr. Mater., 2012, 66(12), p 992–996
J. Kim, Y. Estrin, and B.C.D.E. Cooman, Application of a Dislocation Density-Based Constitutive Model to Al-Alloyed TWIP Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, 44(9), p 4168–4182
R. Ueji, N. Tsuchida, D. Terada, N. Tsuji, Y. Tanaka, A. Takemura, and K. Kunishige, Tensile Properties and Twinning Behavior of High Manganese Austenitic Steel with Fine-Grained Structure, Scr. Mater., 2008, 59(9), p 963–966
G. Dini, A. Najafizadeh, R. Ueji, and S.M. Monir-Vaghefi, Tensile Deformation Behavior of High Manganese Austenitic Steel: The Role of Grain Size, Mater. Des., 2010, 31(7), p 3395–3402
R. Song, D. Ponge, D. Raabe, J.G. Speer, and D.K. Matlock, Overview of Processing, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Grained bcc Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 441(1–2), p 1–17
R. Saha, R. Ueji, and N. Tsuji, Fully Recrystallized Nanostructure Fabricated Without Severe Plastic Deformation in High-Mn Austenitic Steel, Scr. Mater., 2013, 68(10), p 813–816
I.B. Timokhina, A. Medvedev, and R. Lapovok, Severe plastic deformation of a TWIP steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 593, p 163–169
S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, B.C. De Cooman, and P. Wollants, Cold Rolling Behaviour of an Austenitic Fe-30Mn-3Al-3Si TWIP-Steel: The Importance of Deformation Twinning, Acta Mater., 2004, 52(7), p 2005–2012
K.A. Ofei, L. Zhao, and J. Sietsma, Microstructural Development and Deformation Mechanisms during Cold Rolling of a Medium Stacking Fault Energy TWIP Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29(2), p 161–167
C. Haase, S.G. Chowdhury, L.A. Barrales-Mora, D.A. Molodov, and G. Gottstein, On the Relation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in an Austenitic Fe-28Mn-0.28C TWIP Steel During Cold Rolling, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 44(2), p 911–922
Y.F. Shen, C.H. Qiu, L. Wang, X. Sun, X.M. Zhao, and L. Zuo, Effects of Cold Rolling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al-0.093C TWIP Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 56, p 329–337
C. Haase, D. Ingendahl, O. Güvenç, M. Bambach, W. Bleck, D.A. Molodov, and L.A. Barrales-Mora, On the Applicability of Recovery-Annealed Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels: Potential and Limitations, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 649, p 74–84
O. Bouaziz, C.P. Scott, and G. Petitgand, Nanostructured Steel with High Work-Hardening by the Exploitation of the Thermal Stability of Mechanically Induced Twins, Scr. Mater., 2009, 60(8), p 714–716
D.K. Subramanyam and H.S. Avery, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance Alloys, ASM handbook, ASM International, 1999
R. Derringer and G. Suich, Simultaneous Optimization of Several Response Variables, Qual. Technol, 1980, 12, p 214–219
P.D. Nezhadfar, A. Rezaeian, and M.S. Papkiadeh, Softening Behavior of a Cold Rolled High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(10), p 3820–3825
D. Zamani, A. Najafizadeh, H. Monajati, and G. Razavi, The Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment and Adding Niobium and Titanium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TWIP Steel, Int. J. Appl. Phys. Math., 2011, 1(3), p 195–198
G. Dini, A. Najafizadeh, R. Ueji, and S.M. Monir-Vaghefi, Improved Tensile Properties of Partially Recrystallized Submicron Grained TWIP Steel, Mater. Lett., 2010, 64(1), p 15–18
M.H. Razmpoosh, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, S. Heshmati-Manesh, S.M. Fatemi-Varzaneh, and A. Marandi, The Grain Structure and Phase Transformations of TWIP Steel During Friction Stir Processing, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(7), p 2826–2835
C. Haase, O. Kremer, W. Hu, T. Ingendahl, R. Lapovok, and D.A. Modolov, Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Annealing of a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel: Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties, Acta Mater., 2016, 107, p 239–253
D.A. Freedman, Statistical Models: Theory and Practice, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 2005
G.C. Montgomery and D.C. Runger, Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, Wiley, Hoboken, 2006
X. Wang, H.S. Zurob, J.D. Embury, X. Ren, and I. Yakubtsov, Microstructural Features Controlling the Deformation and Recrystallization Behaviour Fe-30%Mn and Fe-30%Mn-0.5%C, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(16–17), p 3785–3791
A. Belyakov, Y. Kimura, and K. Tsuzaki, Recovery and Recrystallization in Ferritic Stainless Steel After Large Strain Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 403(1–2), p 249–259
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zamani, D., Golshan, A., Dini, G. et al. Optimization of Cold Rolling and Subsequent Annealing Treatment on Mechanical Properties of TWIP Steel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 26, 3666–3675 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2801-9
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2801-9