Abstract
Microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a Gr. 91 steel weld were simulated to evaluate their effects on the creep life of the weld at elevated temperatures. The Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures of the Gr. 91 steel were determined by a dilatometer to be at 867 and 907 °C, respectively. An infrared heating system was employed to heat the samples to 860 (STOT), 900 (ICHAZ) and 940 °C (FGHAZ) for 1 min, followed by cooling to room temperature. The simulated specimens were then subjected to conventional post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 750 °C/2 h. After the PWHT, the tempered ICHAZ specimen had a shortest creep life among the specimens tested at 650 °C/60 MPa. Moreover, the simulated specimen heated to 860 °C (STOT) was more likely to fracture at 615 °C/80 MPa than others.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Viswanathan, K. Coleman, and U. Rao, Materials for ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant boilers, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 2006, 83, p 778–783
M.E. Abd El-Azim, O.H. Ibrahim, and O.E. El-Desoky, Long term creep behaviour of welded joints of P91 steel at 650 °C, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2013, 560, p 678–684
M. Sireesha, S. Sundaresan, and S. Albert, Microstructure and mechanical properties of weld fusion zones in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2001, 10, p 320–330
M. Yoshino, Y. Mishima, Y. Toda, H. Kushima, K. Sawada, and K. Kimura, Influence of normalizing heat treatment on precipitation behaviour in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, Mater. High Temp., 2008, 25, p 149–158
T. Shrestha, S.F. Alsagabi, I. Charit, G.P. Potirniche, and M.V. Glazoff, Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of grade 91 steel, Metals, 2015, 5, p 131–149
N.Z. Gutie’rrez, H. De Cicco, J. Marrero, C.A. Dano’n, and M.I. Luppo, Evolution of precipitated phases during prolonged tempering in a 9%Cr1%MoVNb ferritic-martensitic steel: influence on creep performance, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2011, 528, p 4019–4029
T.C. Totemeier, H. Tian, and J.A. Simpson, Effect of normalizing temperature on the creep strength of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37, p 1519–1525
C. Pandey, A. Giri, and M.M. Mahapatra, Effect of normalizing temperature on microstructural stability and mechanical properties of creep strength enhanced ferritic P91 steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2016, 657, p 173–184
C.R. Das, S.K. Albert, A.K. Bhaduri, G. Srinivasan, and B.S. Murty, Effect of prior microstructure on microstructure and mechanical properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weld joints, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2008, 477, p 185–192
B. Arivazhagan, R. Prabhu, S.K. Albert, M. Kamaraj, and S. Sundaresan, Microstructure and mechanical properties of 9Cr-1Mo steel weld fusion zones as a function of weld metal composition, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2009, 18, p 999–1004
H.C. Furtado, L.H. de Almeida, and I. Le May, Precipitation in 9Cr-1Mo steel after creep deformation, Mater. Charact., 2007, 58, p 72–77
A. Mitra, N. Siva Prasad, and G.D. Janaki Ram, Influence of temperature and time of post-weld heat treatment on stress relief in an 800-mm-thick steel weldment, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 1384–1393
V.T. Paul, S. Saroja, P. Hariharan, A. Rajadurai, and M. Vijayalakshmi, Identification of microstructural zones and thermal cycles in a weldment of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42, p 5700–5713
A. Moitra, P. Parameswaran, P.R. Sreenivasan, and S.L. Mannan, A toughness study of the weld heat-affected zone of a 9Cr-1Mo steel, Mater. Charact., 2002, 48, p 55–61
S.K. Albert, M. Matsui, T. Watanabe, H. Hongo, K. Kubo, and M. Tabuchi, Variation in the Type IV cracking behaviour of a high Cr steel weld with post weld heat treatment, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 2003, 80, p 405–413
H. Hongo, M. Tabuchi, and T. Watanabe, Type IV creep damage behavior in Gr.91 steel welded joints, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 1163–1173
M. Divya, C.R. Das, S.K. Albert, S. Goyal, P. Ganesh, R. Kaul, J. Swaminathan, B.S. Murty, L.M. Kukreja, and A.K. Bhaduri, Influence of welding process on Type IV cracking behavior of P91 steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2014, 613, p 148–158
S.K. Albert, M. Matsui, T. Watanabe, H. Hongo, K. Kubo, and M. Tabuchi, Microstructural investigations on Type IV cracking in a high Cr steel, ISIJ Int., 2002, 42, p 1497–1504
J. Parker and W. Weiss, Microstructure and creep behaviour of pressure boundary welds from grade 91 steel, Mater. High Temp., 2014, 31, p 171–179
F. Abe and M. Tabuchi, Microstructure and creep strength of welds in advanced ferritic power plant steels, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2004, 9, p 22–30
B. Arivazhagan and M. Vasudevan, A study of microstructure and mechanical properties of grade 91 steel A-TIG weld joint, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22, p 3708–3716
C.R. Das, S.K. Albert, J. Swaminathan, S. Raju, A.K. BhaduriI, and B.S. Murty, Transition of crack from Type IV to Type II, resulting from improved utilization of boron in the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weldment, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 3724–3741
X. Yu, S.S. Babu, H. Terasaki, Y. Komizo, Y. Yamamoto, and M.L. Santella, Correlation of precipitate stability to increased creep resistance of Cr-Mo steel welds, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, p 2194–2206
Y. Wang and L. Li, Microstructure evolution of fine-grained heat affected zone in Type IV failure of P91 welds, Weld. J., 2016, 95, p 27-s–36-s
M. Matsui, M. Tabuchi, T. Watanabe, K. Kubo, J. Kinugawa, and F. Abe, Degradation of creep strength in welded joint of 9%Cr steel, ISIJ Int., 2001, 41, p S126–S130
X. Wang, Q.-G. Pan, Y.-Y. Ren, W. Shang, H.-Q. Zeng, and H. Liu, Microstructure and Type IV cracking behavior of HAZ in P92 steel weldment, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2012, 552, p 493–501
Y. Liu, S. Tsukamoto, T. Shirane, and F. Abe, Formation mechanism of Type IV failure in high Cr ferritic heat-resistant steel-welded joint, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, 44, p 4626–4633
K. Sawada, T. Hara, M. Tabuchi, K. Kimura, and K. Kubushiro, Microstructure characterization of heat affected zone after welding in Mod. 9Cr-1Mo steel, Mater. Charact., 2015, 101, p 106–113
V. Gaffard, A.F. Gourgues-Lorenzon, and J. Besson, High temperature creep flow and damage properties of the weakest area of 9Cr1Mo-NbV martensitic steel weldments, ISIJ Int., 2005, 45, p 1915–1924
C. Pandy and M.M. Mahapatra, Effect of groove design and post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of P91 steel weld, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2761–2775
K. Laha, K.S. Chandravathi, K.B.S. Rao, and S.L. Mannan, Hot tensile properties of simulated heat-affected zone microstructures of 9Cr-1Mo weldment, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 1995, 62, p 303–311
K. Sawada, H. Kushima, M. Tabuchi, and K. Kimura, Microstructural degradation of Gr. 91 steel during creep under low stress, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2011, 528, p 5511–5518
E.M. Haney, F. Dalle, M. Sauzay, L. Vincent, I. Tournié, L. Allais, and B. Fournier, Macroscopic result of long-term creep on a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (T91), Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 510–511, p 99–103
K. Kimura, H. Kushima, and K. Sawada, Long-term creep deformation property of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 510-511, p 58–63
G. Dimmler, P. Weinert, E. Kozeschnik, and H. Cerjak, Quantification of the Laves phase in advanced 9-12%Cr steels using a standard SEM, Mater. Charact., 2003, 51, p 341–352
A. Golpayegani, H.-O. Andre’n, H. Danielsen, and J. Hald, A study on Z-phase nucleation in martensitic chromium steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2008, 489, p 310–318
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this study by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research under Contract No. NL1020168.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hsiao, T.H., Chen, T.C., Jeng, S.L. et al. Effects of Simulated Microstructure on the Creep Rupture of the Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 25, 4317–4325 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2270-6
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2270-6