Abstract
Two newly synthesized C-Mn-Si-Mo-Nb transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with and without Al addition were designed in order to achieve significant improvements in the mechanical properties. The effect of substitution of Si by Al on tensile properties and the microstructure of cold-rolled C-Mn-Si TRIP steel was investigated under different heat treatments. It was shown that a complex ultrafine microstructure composed of different phases was formed and two types of morphology for ferrite were detected (equiaxial and polygonal). The distribution of alloying elements was observed by using electron probe microanalysis. It was clear that C was concentrated in the retained austenite (RA) and small M/A (austenite/martensite) islands. The Al addition facilitated the formation of polygonal ferrite and increased the stability of the RA. The strain-hardening behavior was studied in detail. All the investigated specimens showed a very high strain-hardening exponent (instantaneous n) but their strain dependence was different. For the C-Mn-Si-Mo-Nb TRIP steel, the maximum n value was achieved when the strain was only about 0.04, while the n value of the Al substituted TRIP steel increased gradually until strains in the range of 0.07-0.10 were reached and the maximum value was achieved. As a result, the elongations of the steel with Al addition increased considerably without obvious deterioration of strength. It was the first time to find microtwinned martensite located between ferrite and bainitic ferrite after tensile deformation in the low alloy TRIP steel with Al.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Mehrkens and J. Frober, Modern Multi-phase Steels in the BMW of the Porsche Cayenne, Steel Grips, 2003, 1(4), p 151–249
R. Kuziak, R. Kawalla, and S. Waengler, Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Industry, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2008, 8(2), p 103–117
D.K. Matlock and J.G. Speer, Microstructure and Texture in Steels, Third Generation of AHSS: Microstructure Design Concepts, Springer, London, 2009, p 185–205
L.G. Hector Jr., R. Krupitzer, and A.K. Sachdev, Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) for Third Generation Advanced High-Strength Steels: A New Four-year Project, Proceedings of the Int. Symposium on New Developments in Advanced High-strength Steels, Vail, CO, June 23–26, 2013, p 341–349, AIST, Warrendale, PA
T. Heller and A. Nuss, Effect of Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled Multiphase Steels, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2005, 32, p 303–308
E.V. Pereloma, I.B. Timokhina, K.F. Russell, and M.K. Miller, Characterization of Clusters and Ultrafine Precipitates in Nb-Containing C-Mn-Si Steels, Scripta Mater., 2006, 54, p 471–476
K.I. Sugimoto, T. Muramatsu, S.I. Hashimoto, Y. Mukai, and J. Mater, Formability of Nb Bearing Ultra High-Strength TRIP-Aided Sheet Steels, Process. Technol., 2006, 177, p 90–95
W. Bleck, A. Frehn, E. Kechagias, J. Ohlert, and K. Hulka, Control of Microstructure in TRIP Steels by Niobium, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2003, 426–432, p 43–48
B. Dutta, E.J. Palmiere, and C.M. Sellars, Modelling the Kinetics of Strain Induced Precipitation in Nb Microalloyed Steels, Acta Mater., 2001, 49, p p785–p794
J. Moon and C. Lee, Behavior of (Ti, Nb)(C, N) Complex Particle During Thermomechanical Cycling in the Weld CGHAZ of a Microalloyed Steel, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, p 2311–2320
I.B. Timokhina, E.V. Pereloma, M.K. Miller, and E.V. Pereloma, Microstructure-Property Relationship in the Thermomechanically Processed C-Mn-Si-Nb-Al-(Mo) Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steels Before and After Prestraining and Bake Hardening Treatment, Metal. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 2473–2483
H. Mohrbacher, Individual Effects and Synergies of Mo and Nb Alloying in Multiphase steels, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Thermomechanical Processing of Steels, 2012. p. 23–28
M. Wakita, Y. Adachi, and Y. Tomata, Crystallography and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine TRIP-Aided Multi-phase Steels, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2007, 539–543, p 4351–4356
Y. Sakuma, O. Matsumura, and H. Takechi, Mechanical-Properties and Retained Austenite in Intercritically Heat-Treated Bainite-Transformed Steel and Their Variation with Si and Mn Additions, Metall. Trans. A, 1991, 22, p 489–498
K. Ferjutz and J.R. Davis, ASM Handbook, Welding, Brazing and Soldering, ASM Intertnational, 1993, vol. 6, p 405–407
J. Maki, J. Mahieu, B.C. De Cooman, and S. Claesseur, Galvanisability of Silicon Free CMnAl TRIP Steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, 19, p 125–131
W. Bleck, A. Frehn, and J. Ohlert, Niobium in Dual Phase and Trip Steels. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Niobium, 2001, pp. 727–752
D.W. Suh, S.J. Park, C.S. Oh, S.J. Kim, and Ichikawa, Influence of Partial Replacement of Si by Al on the Change of Phase Fraction During Heat Treatment of TRIP Steels, Scripta Mater., 2007, 57, p 1097–1100
K. Ishida and T. Nishizawa, Effect of Alloying Elements on Stability of Epsilon, Iron Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1974, 15, p 225–231
A.K. Srivastava, D. Bhattacharjee, G. Jha, N. Gope, and S.B. Singh, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of C-Mn-Al-Si Cold-Rolled TRIP-Aided Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 445–446, p 549–557
T. Bhattacharyyaa, S.B. Singhb, S. Dasa, A. Haldara, and D. Bhattacharjeea, Development and Characterisation of C-Mn-Al-Si-Nb TRIP Aided Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528A, p 2394–2400
V. Savic, L. Hector, K. Snavely, and J. Coryell, Tensile Deformation and Fracture of TRIP590 Steel from Digital Image Correlation, SAE Technical Paper, 2010-01-0444
J. Coryell, V. Savic, L. Hector, and S.Mishra, Temperature Effects on the Deformation and Fracture of a Quenched-and-Partitioned Steel, SAE Technical Paper, 2013-01-0610
K. Sugimoto, M. Murata, T. Muramats, and Y. Mukai, Formability of C-Si-Mn-Al-Nb-Mo Ultra High-Strength TRIP-Aided Sheet Steels, ISIJ Int., 2007, 47(9), p 1357–1362
GB/T 228.1-2010, Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing—Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China, 2010
P.T. Pinard, A. Schwedt, A. Ramazani, U. Prahl, and S. Richter, Characterization of Dual-Phase Steel Microstructure by Combined Submicrometer EBSD and EPMA Carbon Measurements, Microsc. Microanal., 2013, 19, p 996–1006
P.J. Jaques, S. Allain, O. Bouaziz, and A. De, On Measurement of Retained Austenite in Multiphase TRIP Steels-Results of Blind Round Robin Test Involving Six Different Techniques”, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, 25, p 567–574
Z. Li and D. Wu, Effects of Hot Deformation and Subsequent Austempering on the Mechanical Properties of Si-Mn TRIP Steels, ISIJ Int., 2006, 46, p p121–p128
K. Zhang, M.H. Zhang, Z.H. Guo, N.L. Chen, and Y.H. Rong, A New Effect of Retained Austenite on Ductility Enhancement in High-Strength Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Martensitic Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528A, p 8486–8491
E. Emadoddin, A. Akbarzadeh, and G. Daneshi, Effect of Intercritical Annealing on Retained Austenite Characterization in Textured TRIP-Assisted Steel Sheet, Mater. Charact., 2006, 57, p p408–p413
S. Hashimoto, S. Ikeda, K.I. Sugimoto, and S. Miyake, Effects of Nb and Mo Addition to 0.2%C 1.5%Si 1.5%Mn Steel on Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled TRIP-Aided Steel Sheets, ISIJ Int., 2004, 44, p p1590–p1598
K. Sugimoto, A. Kanda, R. Kikuchi, S. Hashimoto, T. Kashima, and S. Ikeda, Ductility and Formability of Newly Developed High Strength Low Alloy TRIP-Aided Sheet Steels with Annealed Martensite Matrix, ISIJ Int., 2002, 42, p p910–p915
N.S. Lim, H.S. Park, S. Kim, and C.G. Park, Effects of Aluminum on the Microstructure and Phase Transformation of TRIP Steels, Met. Mater. Int., 2012, 18(4), p 647–654
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.V. Edmonds, The Mechanism of Bainite Formation in Steels, Acta Metall, 1980, 28, p 1265–1273
F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, S.S. Babu, and C. Garcia-Mateo, Atomic Scale Observations of Bainite Transformation in a High Carbon High Silicon Steel, Acta Matell., 2007, 55, p 381–390
M. Mukherjee, S.B. Singh, and O.N. Mohanty, Deformation-Induced Transformation of Retained Austenite in Transformation Induced Plasticity-Aided Steels: A Thermodynamic Model, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 486(1–2), p 32–37
R. Zhu, S. Li, I. Karaman, R. Arroyave, T. Niendorf, and H.J. Maier, Multi-phase Microstructure Design of a Low-Alloy TRIP-Assisted Steel Through a Combined Computational and Experimental Methodology, Acta Matell., 2012, 60, p 3022–3033
S. Das, I. Timokhinab, S.B. Singhc, E. Perelomad, and O.N. Mohantye, Effect of Bainitic Transformation on Bake Hardening in TRIP Assisted Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 534, p 485–494
X.D. Wang, B.X. Huang, L. Wang, and Y.H. Rong, Microstructure and Mechanical PROPERTIES of Microalloyed High-Strength Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 39A, p 1–7
S. Kim, C.G. Lee, I. Choi, and S. Lee, Effects of Heat Treatment and Alloying Elements on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 0.15 wt pct C Transformation-Induced Plasticity-Aided Cold-Rolled Steel Sheets, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32, p 505–514
Y. Sakuma, D. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Intercritically Annealed and Isothermally Transformed 0.15 Pct C Steels Containing 1.2 Pct Si-1.5 Pct Mn and 4 Pct Ni: Part I. Transformation, Microstructure, and Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties, Metall. Trans. A, 1992, 23, p 1221–1232
X. Hao and Q. Zhang, Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel Hot Galvanizing Research, Mater. Prot., 2007, 40(1), p p21–p25
W. Bleck, S. Papaefthymiou, and A. Frehn, Microstructure and Tensile Properties in Dual Phase and TRIP Steels, Steel Res. Int., 2004, 75, p 704–710
P.J. Jacques, A. Petein, and P. Harlet, Improvement of Mechanical Properties Through Concurrent Deformation and Transformation: New Steels for 21 Century. Int. Conf. on TRIP Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys. Aachen, WMG, 2001, pp. 281–285
A.K. Sachdev, Effect of Retained Austenite on the Yielding and Deformation Behavior of a Dual Phase Steel, Acta Metall., 1983, 31, p 2037–2042
S. Keeler, Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) Application Guidelines v. 4.1, World Auto Steel, 2009, Ref Type: Report
P. Jacques, J. Ladriere, and F. Delannay, On the Influence of Interactions Between Phases on the Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Transformation-Induced Plasticity Multiphase Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32, p 2759–2768
H. Paruz and D.V. Edmonds, The Strain Hardening Behavior of Dualphase Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1989, 117, p p67–p74
V.T.T. Miihkinen and D.V. Edmonds, Tensile Deformation of Two Experimental High-Strength Bainite Low-Alloy Steel Containing Silicon, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1987, 3, p 432–440
I.B. Timokhina, P.D. Hodgson, and E.V. Pereloma, Effect of Microstructure on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Transformation-Induced-Plasticity Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, 35, p 2331–2341
S. Turteltaub and A.S.J. Suiker, Grain Size Effects in Multiphase Steels Assisted by Transformation-Induced Plasticity, Int. J. Solids Struct., 2006, 43, p p7322–p7336
Acknowledgments
The present study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 51031001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, C., Ding, H., Zhang, J. et al. Effect of Partial Replacement of Si with Al on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 1000 MPa TRIP Steels. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 23, 3896–3906 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1190-6
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1190-6