Abstract
We present in this study calculations of the ground-state resonance structures associated with the high explosives β-HMX, PETN, RDX, TNT1, and TNT2 using density functional theory (DFT). Our objective is the construction of parameterized dielectric-response functions for excitation by electromagnetic waves at compatible frequencies. These dielectric-response functions provide the basis for analyses pertaining to the dielectric properties of explosives. In particular, these dielectric-response functions provide quantitative initial estimates of spectral-response features for subsequent adjustment with knowledge of additional information, such as laboratory measurements and other types of theory-based calculations. With respect to qualitative analyses, these spectra provide for the molecular-level interpretation of response structure. The DFT software GAUSSIAN was used for the calculations of the ground-state resonance structures presented here.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.J. Frisch, G.W. Trucks, H.B. Schlegel, G.E. Scuseria, M.A. Robb, J.R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G.A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H.P. Hratchian, A.F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J.L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J.A. Montgomery, Jr., J.E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J.J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K.N. Kudin, V.N. Staroverov, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J.C. Burant, S.S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J.M. Millam, M. Klene, J.E. Knox, J.B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R.E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A.J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J.W. Ochterski, R.L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V.G. Zakrzewski, G.A. Voth, P. Salvador, J.J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A.D. Daniels, Ö. Farkas, J.B. Foresman, J.V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, and D.J. Fox, Gaussian 09, Revision A.1, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT, 2009
A. Frisch, M.J. Frisch, F.R. Clemente, and G.W. Trucks, Gaussian 09 User’s Reference, 2009, p 105–106
P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Inhomogeneous Electron Gas, Phys. Rev., 1964, 136, p B864
W. Kohn and L.J. Sham, Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects, Phys. Rev., 1965, 140, p A1133
R.O. Jones and O. Gunnarsson, The Density Functional Formalism, Its Applications and Prospects, Rev. Mod. Phys., 1989, 61, p 689
W.W. Hager and H. Zhang., A survey of Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient Methods, Pacific J. Optim., 2006, 2, p 35–58
R.M. Martin, Electronic Structures Basic Theory and Practical Methods, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p 25
E.B. Wilson, J.C. Decius, and P.C. Cross, Molecular Vibrations, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955
J.W. Ochterski, Vibrational Analysis in Gaussian, 1999, Available at http://www.gaussian.com/g_whitepap/vib.htm
J. Hooper, E. Mitchell, C. Konek, and J. Wilkinson, Terahertz Optical Properties of the High Explosive β-HMX, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2009, 467, p 309
C.A.D. Roeser and E. Mazur, Light-Matter Interactions on Femtosecond Time Scale Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy, Vol 168, NATO Science Series, B. Di Bartolo and O. Forte, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2005, p 29
C.F. Bohren and D.R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2004
L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshits, and L.P. Pitaevskii, Physical Kinetics, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1981; and references therein
A.D. Becke, Density-functional Thermochemistry. III. The Role of Exact Exchange, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98, p 5648–5652
B. Miehlich, A. Savin, H. Stoll, and H. Preuss, Results of Obtained with the Correlation Energy Density Functionals of Becke and Lee, Yang and Parr, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 157, p 200–206
A.D. McLean and G.S. Chandler, Contracted Gaussian-Basis Sets for Molecular Calculations. 1. 2nd Row Atoms, Z = 11–18, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 72, p 5639–5648
T. Clark, J. Chandrasekhar, G.W. Spitznagel, and P.V.R. Schleyer, Efficient Diffuse Function-Augmented Basis-Sets for Anion Calculations. 3. The 3–21+G Basis Set for 1st-Row Elements Li-F, J. Comput. Chem., 1983, 4, p 294–301
M.J. Frisch, J.A. Pople, and J.S. Binkley, Self-Consistent Molecular Orbital Methods. 25. Supplementary Functions for Gaussian Basis Sets, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, p 3265–3269
Acknowledgment
This study is supported by the Office of Naval Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, L., Shabaev, A., Lambrakos, S.G. et al. Dielectric Response of High Explosives at THz Frequencies Calculated Using Density Functional Theory. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 21, 1120–1132 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0020-3
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0020-3