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Study on the Effect of SEMS on the As-Cast Structure of Steel in Thin Slab Continuous Casting Using an Equiaxed-Columnar Solidification Model

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Abstract

Strand electromagnetic stirring (SEMS) is widely applied in thin slab continuous casting to improve the equiaxed crystal ratio (ECR) of steel. To provide a deeper insight into the role of SEMS in controlling the flow pattern, superheat transportation, macrosegregation, and as-cast structure in the whole strand. A three-phase equiaxed-columnar solidification model was developed to predict the solidification process. The anisotropic permeability of directional columnar structures was integrated into the model by tracking the columnar growing direction. Numerical results showed that two recirculating flow regions came into being under the one-way moving magnetic field induced by the SEMS. The upward recirculating flow deflected the nozzle jet and assembled a superheat melt impinging towards the narrow face under the electromagnetic stirring. Level velocity and level height in the stirring direction were disturbed by the upward flow. Equiaxed grains formed in the stirring direction were less than the volume fraction on the other side. The one-way magnetic field also caused an asymmetric distribution of equiaxed grains in the thickness direction. Applying SEMS was beneficial to the improvement of ECR. The ECR in the strand was 4 pct in the absence of electromagnetic stirring, and it increased to 17.4 pct after applying the SEMS.

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Abbreviations

\({\mathbf{B}}\) :

Magnetic flux density (T)

\(c_{{\text{l}}}\), \(c_{{\text{e}}}\), \(c_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Species concentration (−)

\(c_{{{\text{ref}}}}\) :

Reference concentration (−)

\(c_{{\text{l}}}^{*}\), \(c_{{\text{s}}}^{*}\) :

Equilibrium concentration at interface (−)

\(c_{{{\text{mix}}}}\) :

Mixed concentration (−)

\(c_{\text{p}}\) :

Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

\(C_{ji}^{{}}\)(\(= - C_{ij}\)):

Species exchange term (kg m−3 s−1)

\(D_{{\text{l}}}\), \(D_{{\text{e}}}\), \(D_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1)

\({\mathbf{E}}\) :

Electric field intensity (V m−1)

\(f_{{\text{l}}}\), \(f_{{\text{e}}}\), \(f_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Volume fraction (−)

\({\mathbf{F}}_{ji}^{{}}\)(\(= - {\mathbf{F}}_{ij}\)):

Momentum exchange rate (kg m−2 s−2)

\({\mathbf{F}}_{L}^{{}}\) :

Lorentz force (kg m−2 s−2)

\({\mathbf{g}}\) :

Gravity (m s−2)

\(h_{{\text{l}}}\), \(h_{{\text{e}}}\), \(h_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Enthalpy (J kg−1)

\(H^{*}\) :

Heat transfer coefficient between phases (W m−3 K−1)

\({\mathbf{H}}\) :

Magnetic field intensity (A m−1)

\({\mathbf{j}}\) :

Induced current density (A m−2)

\({\mathbf{J}}\) :

Current density (A m−2)

\(k_{{\text{l}}}\), \(k_{{\text{e}}}\), \(k_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

\( k_{{{\text{K}}\& {\text{C}}}} \) :

Kozeny–Carmen correlation constant (−)

\( K_{{{\text{K}}\& {\text{C}}}} \) :

Mush permeability (m2)

\({\mathbf{K}}_{\text{lc}}\) :

Anisotropic permeability tensor (m2)

\(K_{\text{le}}\), \(K_{\text{ce}}\) :

Drag force coefficient (kg m−3 s−1)

\(L\) :

Latent heat (J kg−1)

\(m\) :

Liquidus line slope (K)

\(M_{ji}\)(\(= - M_{ij}\)):

Mass transfer rate (kg m−3 s−1)

\(n_{\text{e}}\) :

Nucleus number density (m−3)

\(n_{\max }\) :

Maximum equiaxed grain density (m−3)

\({\mathbf{n}}_{{\text{z}}}\) :

Unit vector in the casting direction (−)

\({\mathbf{n}}_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Unit vector in the slab surface (−)

\(N_{\text{nu}}\) :

Heterogeneous undercooling nucleation rate (m−3 s−1)

\(N_{\text{frag}}\) :

Columnar fragmentation rate (m−3 s−1)

\(p\) :

Pressure (Pa)

\(Q_{ji}^{{}}\)(\(= - Q_{ij}\)):

Energy exchange term (W m−3)

\(Q_{J}^{{}}\) :

Joule heat (W m−3)

\(R_{{{\text{tip}}}}\) :

Primary columnar tip radius (m)

\(S_{{\text{c}}}^{{}}\), \(S_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Interfacial area concentration of envelope (m−1)

\(T_{{\text{l}}}\), \(T_{{\text{e}}}\), \(T_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Temperature (K)

\(T_{{{\text{ref}}}}\) :

Reference temperature (K)

\(\Delta T\) :

Constitutional undercooling (K)

\(\Delta T_{\text{N}}\) :

Undercooling for maximum nucleation rate (K)

\(\Delta T_{\sigma }\) :

Gaussian distribution width (K)

\(U_{{{\text{cast}}}}\) :

Casting speed (m s−1)

\(v_{{\text{c,tip}}}\) :

Growth speed of primary columnar tip (m s−1)

\({\mathbf{v}}_{{\text{l}}}\), \({\mathbf{v}}_{{\text{e}}}\), \({\mathbf{v}}_{{\text{c}}}\), \({\mathbf{v}}_{{{\text{wall}}}}\) :

Velocity vector (m s−1)

\(v_{Rc}\) :

Growth speed in the radius direction of columnar trunks (m s−1)

\(v_{Re}\) :

Growth speed in the radius direction of equiaxed grains (m s−1)

\(\beta_{{\text{T}}}\) :

Thermal expansion coefficient (K−1)

\(\beta_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Solutal expansion coefficient (−)

\(\sigma\), \(\sigma_{{\text{e}}}\), \(\sigma_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Electrical conductivity (S m−1)

\(\Phi_{{{\text{imp}}}}^{{\text{c}}}\), \(\Phi_{{{\text{imp}}}}^{{\text{e}}}\) :

Growing surface impingement factor (−)

\(\lambda_{1}\) :

Primary columnar arm space (m)

\(\lambda_{2}\) :

Secondary columnar arm space (m)

\(\mu_{{\text{l}}}\) :

Viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

\(\mu_{\text{mag}}\) :

Vacuum magnetic permeability (H m−1)

\(\gamma\) :

Fragmentation coefficient (−)

\(\rho\), \(\rho_{{\text{s}}}\) :

Density (kg m−3)

\(\rho_{{{\text{ref}}}}\) :

Reference density (kg m−3)

\(\tilde{\rho }\) :

Correction density (kg m−3)

\(\varphi\) :

Electric potential (V)

\({{\varvec{\uptau}}}_{i}\) :

Stress–strain tensors (kg m−1 s−1)

c:

Columnar phase

e:

Equiaxed phase

l:

Liquid phase

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51974071), National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFB3705101), and the Opening project fund of Materials Service Safety Assessment Facilities (No. MSAF-2021-009).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China

    Changjun Wang, Zhongqiu Liu & Baokuan Li

  2. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China

    Changjun Wang, Zhongqiu Liu & Baokuan Li

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  1. Changjun Wang
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Wang, C., Liu, Z. & Li, B. Study on the Effect of SEMS on the As-Cast Structure of Steel in Thin Slab Continuous Casting Using an Equiaxed-Columnar Solidification Model. Metall Mater Trans B 54, 3240–3258 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02904-3

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