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Thermodynamic Evaluation of Element Transfer Behaviors for Fused CaO-SiO2-MnO Fluxes Subjected to High Heat Input Submerged Arc Welding

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Abstract

Submerged arc welding has been performed by employing fused CaO-SiO2-MnO fluxes of varying MnO and CaO contents on EH36 shipbuilding steel grade. Transfer levels of O, Si, and Mn between fluxes and weld metals have been quantified and evaluated from thermodynamic perspectives. The results show that both slag-metal and gas-slag-metal equilibrium considerations are capable of placing limits on the direction and amount of element transferred between fluxes and weld metals.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U20A20277, 51861130361, 51861145312, 51850410522, 5201101443, and 52011530180), Newton Advanced Fellowship by the Royal Society (Grant No. RP12G0414), Research Fund for Central Universities (Grant Nos. N172502004 and N2025025), Xingliao Talents Program (XLYC1807024 and XLYC1802024), Liaoning Key Industrial Program (2019JH1/10100014), Regional Innovation Joint Fund of Liaoning Province (2020-YKLH-39), The Innovation Team of Northeastern University, and Royal Academy of Engineering (TSPC1070) for their financial support. This work is also funded in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (BRICS171211293679).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Jin Zhang & Cong Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Cong Wang

  3. Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Theresa Coetsee

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  1. Jin Zhang
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  2. Cong Wang
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  3. Theresa Coetsee
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Correspondence to Cong Wang.

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Manuscript submitted February 8, 2021; May 11, 2021.

Appendix A: Thermodynamic Calculation Procedures

Appendix A: Thermodynamic Calculation Procedures

I. Calculation of SiO2 and MnO activities

Equilib module of FactSage 6.4 was employed to calculate the activities of SiO2 and MnO in the flux and slag, as follows:

  1. 1.

    FToxid database was selected.[44]

  2. 2.

    The equilibrium temperature in SAW of 2273 K was set.

  3. 3.

    Measured flux and slag compositions in Table IV were set as input.

The calculated activities are given in the insets of Figures 2 and 3.

II. Gas–Slag–Metal Equilibrium Calculations

Nominal compositions, which refer to the contents considering only the dilution effects of the BM and electrode,[26,28] were used as the input metal chemistries. Measured flux compositions were set as input oxide chemistries (see Table IV). Then, Equilib module of FactSage 6.4 was employed to perform gas-slag-metal equilibrium calculations following the settings in our previous study:[27,45]

  1. 1.

    FToxid, Fstel, and FactPS databases were selected.

  2. 2.

    The equilibrium temperature in SAW of 2273 K was set.[44]

  3. 3.

    The mass ratio of flux to the electrode was set as unity.

Parts of the gas compositions calculated from gas-slag-metal equilibrium are summarized in Table AI (with vol pct values higher that 10-6). Distributions of Si and Mn from the flux into different phases calculated from gas-slag-metal equilibrium are summarized in Tables AII and AIII. The calculated liters of gases generated per 100 grams of flux at temperature 2273 K are given in Table AIV.

Table AI Gas-slag-metal Equilibrium Gas Components
Full size table
Table AII Distribution of Si From Flux Into Different Phases (Mass Fraction)
Full size table
Table AIII Distribution of Mn From Flux Into Different Phases (Mass Fraction)
Full size table
Table AIV Liters of Gases Generated Per 100 Grams of Flux
Full size table

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Zhang, J., Wang, C. & Coetsee, T. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Element Transfer Behaviors for Fused CaO-SiO2-MnO Fluxes Subjected to High Heat Input Submerged Arc Welding. Metall Mater Trans B 52, 1937–1944 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02221-7

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