Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbide-Free Bainitic Weld Metal: A New Concept in Welding of Armor Steels

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Carbide-free bainite, a fine mixture of bainitic ferrite and austenite, is a relatively recent development in steel microstructures. Apart from being very strong and tough, the microstructure is hydrogen-tolerant. These characteristics make it well-suited for weld metals. In the current work, an armor-grade quenched and tempered steel was welded such that the fusion zone developed a carbide-free bainitic microstructure. These welds showed very high joint efficiency and ballistic performance compared to those produced, as per the current industrial practice, using austenitic stainless steel fillers. Importantly, these welds showed no vulnerability to cold cracking, as verified using oblique Y-groove tests. The concept of carbide-free bainitic weld metal thus promises many useful new developments in welding of high-strength steels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, J. Chao, C. Captivila and C. Garcia de Andres: J. Mater. Sci., 2009, vol. 44, pp. 4617-4624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.V. Edmonds: Met. Sci., 1983, vol. 17, pp. 411-419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.V. Edmonds: Met. Sci., 1983, vol. 17, pp. 420-425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. F.G. Caballero, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, K.J.A. Mawella, D.G. Jones and P. Brown: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2001, vol. 17, pp. 512-516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, 1821-1825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2004, vol. 8, pp. 251-257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2005, vol. 500-501, pp. 63-74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: ISIJ Int., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 15-23.

    Google Scholar 

  9. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Proc. R. Soc. A, 2010, vol. 466, pp. 3-18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. F.G. Caballero, M.J. Santofimia, C. Captivila, C. Garcia-Mateo, and C. Garcia de Andres: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 1479-1488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, C. Garcia-Mateo, C. Captivila and C. Garcia de Andres, JOM, 2008, vol. 60, pp. 16-21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. F.G. Caballero, M.J. Santofimia, C. Captivila, C. Garcia-Mateo, and C. Garcia de Andres: Mater. Des., 2009, vol. 30, pp. 2077-2083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Khare, K. Lee and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Metall. Trans. A, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 922-928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Huang, M.Y. Sherif, P.E.J. Rivera-Diaz-del-Castillo: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 1639-1649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2005, vol. 21, pp. 1293-1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: in Displacive Phase Transformations and their Applications in Materials Engineering, K. Inoue, K. Mekherjee, K. Otsuka, and H. Chen, eds., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1998, pp. 69–78.

  17. H.S. Fang, Q. Li, B.Z. Bai, Z.G. Yang, D.Y. Liu, F.B. Yang: Int. J. ISSI, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 9-18.

    Google Scholar 

  18. B. A. Szost, R. H. Vegter and P. E. J. Rivera-Diaz-del-Castillo: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, vol. 44, pp. 4542-4550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, M. Lord, and L.E. Svensson: in Joining and Welding Solutions to Industrial Problems, JWRI, Osaka University, Osaka , 2003, pp. 43–52.

  20. K. Fang, J.G. Yang, X.S. Liu, K.J. Song, H.Y. Fang, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Des., 2013, vol. 50, pp. 38-43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. S.J. Alkemade: The weld cracking susceptibility of high hardness armour steel, Report # DSTO-TR-0320, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australia, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. Madhusudhan Reddy and T. Mohandas: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1996, vol. 57, pp. 23-30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. G. Madhusudhan Reddy, T. Mohandas, and D.S. Sarma: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2003, vol. 8, pp. 407–14.

  24. G. Magudeeswaran, V. Balasubramanian, G.M. Reddy and T.S. Balasubramanian: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2008, vol. 15, pp. 87-94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M.R. Edwards and A. Mathewson: Int. J. Impact Eng., 1997, vol. 19, pp. 297-309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Madhusudhan Reddy, T. Mohandas, and K. Papukutty: Int. J. Impact Eng., 1999, vol. 22, pp. 775–91.

  27. K.W. Andrews: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, vol. 203, pp. 721-727.

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. Kou: Welding Metallurgy, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey, USA, 2003, pp. 48-57.

    Google Scholar 

  29. H. Chandler: Heat Treater’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Iron and Steels, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, 1995, p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  30. G. Gomez, T. Perez and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, vol. 25, pp. 1501-1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Gomez, T. Perez and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, vol. 25, pp. 1508-1512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Armament Research Board, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, for funding this work. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support through FIST program from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, for establishing a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation facility at IIT Madras. The authors express their sincere thanks to Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Heavy Vehicles) and Heavy Vehicle Factory, Avadi, Chennai, India, for facilitating welding experiments. The authors thank Dr. V. Madhu, Scientist G, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, India, for his help in conducting the ballistic tests. The authors also thank Prof. K.C. Hari Kumar, Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Madras, for his help with JMatPro calculations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India

    N. Krishna Murthy (Research Scholar), G. D. Janaki Ram (Associate Professor) & B. S. Murty (Professor)

  2. Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500058, India

    G. M. Reddy (Scientist G)

  3. D&H Sécheron Electrodes Pvt. Ltd., Kila Maidan, Indore, 452006, India

    T. J. P. Rao (Senior General Manager)

Authors
  1. N. Krishna Murthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. D. Janaki Ram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. S. Murty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. M. Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. T. J. P. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. D. Janaki Ram.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted February 6, 2014.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Krishna Murthy, N., Janaki Ram, G.D., Murty, B.S. et al. Carbide-Free Bainitic Weld Metal: A New Concept in Welding of Armor Steels. Metall Mater Trans B 45, 2327–2337 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0120-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0120-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation