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Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels

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Abstract

The present study is an investigation of the surface and subsurface oxidation of Mn solid-solution-strengthened interstitial-free (IF) steels with the objective of elucidating the surface evolution before coating. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out under 95 vol pct Ar + 5 vol pct (H2 + H2O) atmospheres with \( P_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}} /P_{{{\text{H}}_{2} }} \) ranging from 0.01 to 0.13 and temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 843 °C. Post-exposure characterization was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and glancing-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the external and internal oxide evolution. The oxidation proceeds as a combination of the internal and external formation of Mn oxides. Decreasing the \( P_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}} /P_{{{\text{H}}_{2} }} \) ratios or temperature has the effect of decreasing the amount of oxidation, which is a combination of internal and external oxidation controlled by solid-state oxygen and manganese diffusion, respectively. External oxides are not continuous; they are instead concentrated near the intersection of alloy grain boundaries with the external surface. Internal oxides are concentrated along the grain boundaries. The effects of Sb (0.03 wt pct), B (10 ppm), P (0.04 and 0.08 wt pct), and Si (0.06 to 1.5 wt pct) on the oxidation were investigated. It is found that small amounts of Sb and B have a significant effect on decreasing both the external and internal oxidation, whereas Si and P increase the external and internal oxidation.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from POSCO is acknowledged. The authors thank Ms. T.L. Baum and Mr. C. Wang for their technical help and interesting discussions during the TG analysis and SEM measurements. Special thanks are also extended to Mr. B. Webler, Dr. J. Nakano, and Mr. C. Thorning for instructive discussions.

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Author notes

  1. Z.T. Zhang (Research Associate, Associate Professor)

    Present address: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Z.T. Zhang (Research Associate, Associate Professor) & S. Sridhar (POSCO Professor, Resident Faculty Fellow)

  2. National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA

    S. Sridhar (POSCO Professor, Resident Faculty Fellow)

  3. Technical Research Labs., POSCO, Jeonnam, 545-090, Korea

    I.R. Sohn (Senior Research Engineer)

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    F.S. Pettit (Professor Emeritus) & G.H. Meier (Professor)

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  1. Z.T. Zhang
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Correspondence to S. Sridhar.

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Manuscript submitted April 29, 2008.

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Zhang, Z., Sohn, I., Pettit, F. et al. Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels. Metall Mater Trans B 40, 550–566 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-009-9238-y

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