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The Effects of Surface Roughness and Metal Temperature on the Heat-Transfer Coefficient at the Metal Mold Interface

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Abstract

This article focused on the effects of surface roughness and temperature on the heat-transfer coefficient at the metal mold interface. The experimental work was carried out in a unique and versatile apparatus, which was instrumented with two types of sensors, thermocouples, and linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). The monitoring of the two types of sensors was carried out simultaneously during solidification. The concurrent use of two independent sensors provided mutually supportive data, thereby strengthening the validity of the interpretations that were made. With this type of instrumentation, it was possible to measure temperature profiles in mold and casting, as well as the air gap at the metal mold interface. Commercial purity aluminum was cast against steel and high carbon iron molds. Each type of mold had a unique surface roughness value. Inverse heat-transfer analysis was used to estimate the heat-transfer coefficient and the heat flux at the metal mold interface. A significant drop in the heat-transfer coefficient was registered, which coincided with the time period of the air gap formation, detected by the LVDT. An equation of the form \(h\, = \,\frac{1} {{b^{\ast}A + c}}\, + \,d\) was found to provide excellent correlation between the heat-transfer coefficient and air gap size. In general, an increase in mold surface roughness results in a decrease in the heat-transfer coefficient at the metal mold interface. On the other hand, a rise in liquid metal temperature results in a higher heat-transfer coefficient.

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Abbreviations

A :

air gap size (mm)

b :

equation constant

c :

equation constant

d :

equation constant

C P :

specific heat

F :

sum-of-squares function

h :

heat-transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

k :

thermal conductivity (W/m K)

I :

upper limit for F

l :

iteration step

n :

number of temperature measurement

m :

time-step number for heat flux

\( \bar{q} \) :

vector elements of heat flux at the interface corresponding to various temperature measurements (W/m2)

R a :

specific surface roughness

T :

calculated temperature

T cs :

casting surface temperature

T ms :

mold surface temperature

Th :

thermocouple identification symbol

X :

coordinate

Y :

measured temperature

ε 1 :

epsilon, incremental value

ε 2 :

epsilon, acceptance criterion

ε cs :

emissivity of the casting

ε ms :

emissivity of the metal mold

α :

thermal diffusivity

δ :

heat flux increment

ρ :

density (kg/m3)

σ :

Stefan–Boltzman constant

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are indebted to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for its financial support.

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Author notes

  1. BASIL COATES (Formerly Graduate Student)

    Present address: Hentel Litecare Corporation, Brooklyn, NY, 11224, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E4

    BASIL COATES (Formerly Graduate Student) & STAVROS A. ARGYROPOULOS (Professor)

Authors
  1. BASIL COATES
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  2. STAVROS A. ARGYROPOULOS
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Correspondence to STAVROS A. ARGYROPOULOS.

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Manuscript submitted July 1, 2005.

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COATES, B., ARGYROPOULOS, S.A. The Effects of Surface Roughness and Metal Temperature on the Heat-Transfer Coefficient at the Metal Mold Interface. Metall Mater Trans B 38, 243–255 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9020-y

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