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Precipitation behavior in ultra-low-carbon steels containing titanium and niobium

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Abstract

This work revealed the basic mechanism for the stabilization of carbon in ultra-low-carbon (ULC) steels that contain moderate S (0.004 to 0.010 wt pct), adequate Ti (0.060 to 0.080), and low Mn (≤0.20). During cooling through the austenitic region to the ferritic, the initially formed sulfide particles (TiS) undergo an in situ transformation into carbosulfides (H-Ti4C2S2) by absorbing C and Ti. The transformation from TiS to H may be considered as a hybrid of shear and diffusion, i.e., faulted Ti8S9 (9R)+10[Ti]+9[C] → 4 1/2Ti4C2S2 (H). At low temperature (≤930 °C), the stabilization process continues through epitaxial growth of carbides on H phase, i.e., [M]+x[C]+H → epitaxial MC x (on H). This mechanism differs from the traditional view of stabilization, where the carbon is removed from solution by the formation of free-standing or independently nucleated H and/or MCN precipitates. While these two forms of carbon stabilization are now well known, this article presents a method of predicting which mechanism of stabilization will be operative in a given steel based on its bulk composition. Implications bearing upon new ULC steel design, considering the role of S, will be discussed.

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Author notes

  1. M. Hua (Assistant Research Professor, Senior Research Scientist)

    Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the University of Pittsburgh, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the University of Pittsburgh, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA

    C. I. Garcia (Associate Research Professor, Associate Director) & A. J. DeArdo (William Kepler Whiteford Professor, Director)

  2. Basic Metals Processing Research Institute, the University of Pittsburgh, 15261, Pittsburgh, PA

    M. Hua (Assistant Research Professor, Senior Research Scientist), C. I. Garcia (Associate Research Professor, Associate Director) & A. J. DeArdo (William Kepler Whiteford Professor, Director)

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  1. M. Hua
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  2. C. I. Garcia
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  3. A. J. DeArdo
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Hua, M., Garcia, C.I. & DeArdo, A.J. Precipitation behavior in ultra-low-carbon steels containing titanium and niobium. Metall Mater Trans A 28, 1769–1780 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0108-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0108-4

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