Abstract
A subsecond and novel approach of electroshock treatment (EST) is used in this study to repair defects in directed-energy-deposited Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr near-β titanium alloy. After EST, the porosity of the specimen decreased significantly from 0.81 to 0.1 pct. Large cracks observed at the bottom of the above mentioned near-β titanium alloy became intermittent small cracks and the number of voids decreased. The defects in the top and middle regions of the specimens are repaired. The potential defect repair is attributable to energy concentration, which promoted the coalescence of defect tips, and thermal stresses, which compressed the defects inward and closed them.
References
1. Z. Zhao, J. Chen, H. Tan, G. Zhang, X. Lin, and W. Huang: Scripta Mater., 2018, vol. 146, pp. 187–91.
2. J.H. Martin, B.D. Yahata, J.M. Hundley, J.A. Mayer, T.A. Schaedler, and T.M. Pollock: Nature, 2017, vol. 549, p. 365.
3. H. Hou, E. Simsek, T. Ma, N.S. Johnson, S. Qian, C. Cisse, D. Stasak, N.A. Hasan, L. Zhou, and Y. Hwang: Science, 2019, vol. 366, pp. 1116–21.
4. Y.-J. Liang, D. Liu, and H.-M. Wang: Scripta Mater., 2014, vol. 74, pp. 80–83.
5. N. Shamsaei, A. Yadollahi, L. Bian, and S.M. Thompson: Addit. Manufact., 2015, vol. 8, pp. 12–35.
6. S.M. Thompson, L. Bian, N. Shamsaei, and A. Yadollahi: Addit. Manufact., 2015, vol. 8, pp. 36–62.
7. N. Jones, R. Dashwood, D. Dye, and M. Jackson: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, vol. 40A, pp. 1944–54.
8. J.W. Pegues, S. Shao, N. Shamsaei, N. Sanaei, A. Fatemi, D.H. Warner, P. Li, and N. Phan: Int. J. Fatigue, 2020, vol. 132, p. 105358.
T.R. Smith, J.D. Sugar, J.M. Schoenung, and C. SanMarchi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, vol. 765, p. 138268.
10. L. Li: J. Mater. Sci., 2006, vol. 41, pp. 7886–93.
11. S. Liu, J. Liu, L. Wang, R.L. Ma, Y. Zhong, W. Lu, and L. Zhang: Scripta Mater., 2020, vol. 181, pp. 121–26.
12. L.-C. Zhang, L.-Y. Chen, and L. Wang: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2020, vol. 22, p. 1901258.
13. R. Biswal, X. Zhang, A.K. Syed, M. Awd, J. Ding, F. Walther, and S. Williams: Int. J. Fatigue, 2019, vol. 122, pp. 208–17.
D. Masaylo, S. Igoshin, A. Popovich, and V. Popovich: Mater. Today Proc., 2020.
15. P. Zhang, X. Zhou, X. Cheng, H. Sun, H. Ma, and Y. Li: Addit. Manufact., 2020, vol. 32, p. 101026.
R. Reese, H. Bheda, and W. Mondesir: U.S. Patent No. 10,421,267, 2019.
S. Das, R. Bansal, and J. Gambone: U.S. Patent No. 9,522,426, 2016.
18. C. Zopp, S. Blümer, F. Schubert, and L. Kroll: Ain Shams Eng. J., 2017, vol. 8, pp. 475–79.
S. Bakhshivash, H. Asgari, P. Russo, C. Dibia, M. Ansari, A. Gerlich, and E. Toyserkani: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, pp. 1–11.
20. A. Hatefi: School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2013.
21. C. Qiu, G.A. Ravi, and M.M. Attallah: Mater. Des., 2015, vol. 81, pp. 21–30.
H.D. Carlton, K.D. Klein, and J.W. Elmer: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, pp. 1–9.
23. H. Schwab, M. Bönisch, L. Giebeler, T. Gustmann, J. Eckert, and U. Kühn: Mater. Des., 2017, vol. 130, pp. 83–89.
C. Liu, L. Yu, A. Zhang, X. Tian, D. Liu, and S. Ma: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 673, pp. 185–92.
25. W. Tillmann, C. Schaak, J. Nellesen, M. Schaper, M. Aydinöz, and K.-P. Hoyer: Addit. Manufact., 2017, vol. 13, pp. 93–102.
26. X. Yuan, Q. Wei, S. Wen, and Y. Shi: Hot Work. Technol., 2014, vol. 4, p. 91.
27. P. Han, A. Tofangchi, A. Deshpande, S. Zhang, and K. Hsu: Proc. Manufact., 2019, vol. 34, pp. 672–77.
28. N.O. Larrosa, W. Wang, N. Read, M.H. Loretto, C. Evans, J. Carr, U. Tradowsky, M.M. Attallah, and P.J. Withers: Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 2018, vol. 98, pp. 123–33.
29. L. Xie, H. Guo, Y. Song, C. Liu, Z. Wang, L. Hua, L. Wang, and L.-C. Zhang: Mater. Charact., 2020, vol. 161, p. 110137.
30. L. Xie, C. Liu, Y. Song, H. Guo, Z. Wang, L. Hua, L. Wang, and L.-C. Zhang: J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, vol. 9, pp. 2455–66.
31. H. Song, Z. Wang, X. He, and J. Duan: Sci. Rep., 2017, vol. 7, p. 7097.
32. T. Yu, D. Deng, G. Wang, and H. Zhang: J. Cleaner Prod., 2016, vol. 113, pp. 989–94.
33. Z. Lu, C. Guo, P. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Chang, G. Tang, and F. Jiang: J. Alloys Compd., 2017, vol. 708, pp. 834–43.
A. Hosoi, T. Nagahama, and Y. Ju: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, vol. 533, pp. 38–42.
35. Z. Lu, F. Jiang, Y. Cheng, C. Guo, H. Hou, and Y. Liu: Suxing Gongcheng Xuebao, 2015, vol. 22, pp. 117–27.
36. A. Karme, A. Kallonen, V.-P. Matilainen, H. Piili, and A. Salminen: Phys. Procedia, 2015, vol. 78, pp. 347–56.
37. H. Gong, V.K. Nadimpalli, K. Rafi, T. Starr, and B. Stucker: Technologies, 2019, vol. 7, p. 44.
38. G.J. Marshall, W.J. Young, S.M. Thompson, N. Shamsaei, S.R. Daniewicz, and S. Shao: JOM, 2016, vol. 68, pp. 778–90.
39. B.A. Szost, S. Terzi, F. Martina, D. Boisselier, A. Prytuliak, T. Pirling, M. Hofmann, and D.J. Jarvis: Mater. Design, 2016, vol. 89, pp. 559–67.
40. H. Conrad, N. Karam, and S. Mannan: Scripta Metall., 1984, vol. 18, pp. 275–80.
H. Conrad: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, vol. 287, pp. 276–87.
H. Conrad: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, vol. 287, pp. 227–37.
43. H. Conrad, N. Karam, and S. Mannan: Scripta Metall., 1983, vol. 17, pp. 411–16.
44. X. Du, B. Wang, and J. Guo: J. Mater. Res., 2007, vol. 22, pp. 1947–53.
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51901165 and 51975441), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. WUT 2018IVA063, WUT 2018IVA064, and 205207013), the “Chu Tian Scholar” project of Hubei Province (Grant No. CTXZ2017-05), the 111 Project (Grant No. B17034), and the Innovative Research Team Development Program of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. IRT_17R83). We thank Dr. Yanping Lu for the assistance with X-CT characterization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted May 5, 2020; accepted November 2, 2020.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xie, L., Guo, H., Song, Y. et al. Novel Approach of Electroshock Treatment for Defect Repair in Near-β Titanium Alloy Manufactured via Directed Energy Deposition. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 457–461 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06098-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06098-0