Abstract
With electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, we study the rate of grain refinement and the uniformity in the evolution of microstructure in commercial purity Cu samples during high-pressure double torsion (HPDT). We aim to identify the processing conditions that would produce a microstructure that is both refined and uniform across the sample in grain size, texture, and intra-granular misorientation with minimal energy input. Two processing variables, pressure and number of turns, are probed. To provide a reference for HPDT, the investigation is also carried out using the standard high-pressure torsion (HPT) technique. For both processes, grain sizes decrease with the number of turns and applied pressure. Under pressure of 600 MPa and 4 torsional turns, HPDT provided a more homogeneous grain structure than HPT. Likewise, we also demonstrate that for the same processing condition, HPDT again produces the more homogeneous grain structure. It is found that a more homogeneous grain structure is achieved after doubling number of turns than doubling the pressure amount to 1.2 GPa. However, the rate of grain refinement substantially increases with doubling the pressure. Considering these results, the HPDT process, compared to HPT, takes better advantage of the role that high pressure plays in shear strain-induced grain refinement and homogenizing the microstructure. Last, analysis of the applied work finds that the least amount of work required for achieving fine and homogeneous microstructure occurs when the applied pressure is maximized and number of turns is minimized.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. L. Jiang, M.T. Pérez-Prado, P.A. Gruber, E. Arzt, O.A. Ruano and M.E. Kassner: Acta. Mater., 2008, vol. 56, pp. 1228-42.
2. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, N. Tsuji and T. Sakai: Acta. Mater., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 579-83.
3. R. Valiev: Nat. Mater., 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1476-22.
4. Q. Xue, I.J. Beyerlein, D.J. Alexander and G.T. Gray III: Acta. Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 655-68.
5. B.Z. Cui, K. Han, Y. Xin, D.R. Waryoba and A.L. Mbaruku: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 4429-38.
6. K. Raeissi, A. Saatchi, M.A. Golozar, A. Tufani and J.A. Szpunar: Electrochimica Acta, 2008, vol. 53, pp. 4674-78.
7. K. Schüler, B. Philippi, M. Weinmann, V.M. Marx and H. Vehoff: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 3945-55.
8. H. Alimadadi, A.B. Fanta, T. Kasama, M.A.J. Somers and K. Pantleon: Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, vol. 299, pp. 1-6.
9. J.R.R. Bortoleto, M. Chaves, A.M. Rosa, E.P. da Silva, S.F. Durrant, L.D. Trino and P.N. Lisboa-Filho: Appl. Surf. Sci., 2015, vol. 334, pp. 210-15.
C.L. Azanza Ricardo, M. Pastorelli, M. D’Incau, P. Aswath and P. Scardi: Thin Solid Films, 2016, vol. 605, pp. 169-72.
11. A.P. Zhilyaev and T.G. Langdon: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2008, vol. 53, pp. 893-979.
12. M. Furukawa, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto and T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2001, vol. 36, pp. 2835-43.
13. H. Zare, M. Jahedi, M.R. Toroghinejad, M. Meratian and M. Knezevic: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 670, pp. 205-16.
14. H. Zare, M. Jahedi, M.R. Toroghinejad, M. Meratian and M. Knezevic: Mater. Des., 2016, vol. 106, pp. 112-19.
15. M. Knezevic, M. Jahedi, Y.P. Korkolis and I.J. Beyerlein: Comput. Mater. Sci., 2014, vol. 95, pp. 63-73.
16. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, N. Tsuji and T. Sakai: Acta Mater., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 579-83.
17. M. Ardeljan, D.J. Savage, A. Kumar, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: Acta. Mater., 2016, vol. 115, pp. 189-203.
18. M. Knezevic, T. Nizolek, M. Ardeljan, I.J. Beyerlein, N.A. Mara and T.M. Pollock: Int. J. Plast., 2014, vol. 57, pp. 16-28.
19. J.S. Carpenter, T. Nizolek, R.J. McCabe, M. Knezevic, S.J. Zheng, B.P. Eftink, J.E. Scott, S.C. Vogel, T.M. Pollock, N.A. Mara and I.J. Beyerlein: Acta. Mater., 2015, vol. 92, pp. 97-108.
20. M. Ardeljan, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 2014, vol. 66, pp. 16-31.
21. M. Ardeljan, M. Knezevic, T. Nizolek, I.J. Beyerlein, N.A. Mara and T.M. Pollock: Int. J. Plast., 2015, vol. 74, pp. 35-57.
22. M. Knezevic, I.J. Beyerlein, T. Nizolek, N.A. Mara and T.M. Pollock: Mater. Res. Lett., 2013, vol. 1, pp. 133-40.
23. M. Jahedi, M.H. Paydar, S. Zheng, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, vol. 611, pp. 29-36.
24. M. Jahedi, M.H. Paydar and M. Knezevic: Mater. Charact., 2015, vol. 104, pp. 92-100.
25. M. Jahedi, M. Ardeljan, I.J. Beyerlein, M.H. Paydar and M. Knezevic: J. Appl. Phys., 2015, vol. 117, p. 214309.
26. D.H. Smith, J. Bicknell, L. Jorgensen, B.M. Patterson, N.L. Cordes, I. Tsukrov and M. Knezevic: Mater. Charact., 2016, vol. 113, pp. 1-9.
S. Gribbin, J. Bicknell, L. Jorgensen, I. Tsukrov and M. Knezevic: Int. J. Fatigue, 2016, vol. 93, pp. 156-67.
28. B. Mani, M. Jahedi and M.H. Paydar: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 4159-65.
29. B. Mani, M. Jahedi and M.H. Paydar: Powder Technol., 2012, vol. 219, pp. 1-8.
30. M. Jahedi and M.H. Paydar: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 8742-49.
31. M. Jahedi and M.H. Paydar: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 5273-79.
32. M.I.A. El Aal, E.Y. Yoon and H.S. Kim: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, vol. 44, pp. 2581-90.
33. J. Tao, G. Chen, W. Jian, J. Wang, Y. Zhu, X. Zhu and T.G. Langdon: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, vol. 628, pp. 207-15.
34. W. Wei, S.L. Wang, K.X. Wei, I.V. Alexandrov, Q.B. Du and J. Hu: J. Alloys Compd., 2016, vol. 678, pp. 506-10.
35. P. Bridgman: J. Appl. Phys., 1943, vol. 14, pp. 273-83.
P.W. Bridgman: Studies in large plastic flow and fracture. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952).
37. M. Jahedi, M. Knezevic and M.H. Paydar: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 1471-82.
38. J. Wongsa-Ngam, M. Kawasaki and T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2012, vol. 47, pp. 7782-88.
39. A. Loucif, R.B. Figueiredo, T. Baudin, F. Brisset and T.G. Langdon: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 4864-69.
40. J. Stráská, M. Janeček, J. Gubicza, T. Krajňák, E.Y. Yoon and H.S. Kim: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, vol. 625, pp. 98-106.
41. H.Y. Zhang, C.T. Wang, Y.C. Wang, S.K. Li, H. Zou and T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2015, vol. 50, pp. 1535-43.
42. A. Zhilyaev, S. Lee, G. Nurislamova, R. Valiev and T. Langdon: Scr. Mater., 2001, vol. 44, pp. 2753-58.
43. Y. Song, E.Y. Yoon, D.J. Lee, J.H. Lee and H.S. Kim: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 4840-44.
44. F. Wetscher, A. Vorhauer and R. Pippan: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 410, pp. 213-16.
45. C. Xu, Z. Horita and T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2008, vol. 43, pp. 7286-92.
46. C.T. Wang, A.G. Fox and T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2014, vol. 49, pp. 6558-64.
47. V. Zilbershtein, N. Chistotina, A. Zharov, N. Grishina and E. Estrin: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie, 1975, vol. 39, pp. 445-47.
48. M.T. Pérez-Prado, A. Gimazov, O.A. Ruano, M. Kassner and A. Zhilyaev: Scr. Mater., 2008, vol. 58, pp. 219-22.
49. A. Zhilyaev, F. Gálvez, A. Sharafutdinov and M. Pérez-Prado: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 3918-28.
50. Y. Iwahashi, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto and T.G. Langdon: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 4733-41.
51. Y. Iwahashi, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto and T.G. Langdon: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 3317-31.
M. Nemoto, Z. Horita, M. Furukawa, and T.G. Langdon: in Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publication, Zurich, 1999, pp 59–66.
53. V.V. Stolyarov, Y.T. Zhu, I.V. Alexandrov, T.C. Lowe and R.Z. Valiev: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, vol. 299, pp. 59-67.
54. F. Kang, J.Q. Liu, J.T. Wang and X. Zhao: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2010, vol. 12, pp. 730-34.
55. R. Lapovok, D. Tomus and C. Bettles: Scr. Mater., 2008, vol. 58, pp. 898-901.
56. R.Y. Lapovok: J. Mater. Sci., 2005, vol. 40, pp. 341-46.
57. R. Lapovok, D. Tomus and B.C. Muddle: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 490, pp. 171-80.
58. P. Mckenzie and R. Lapovok: Acta Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 3212-22.
59. R. Islamgaliev, F. Chmelik and R. Kuzel: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1997, vol. 234, pp. 335-38.
60. A. Zhilyaev, K. Oh-Ishi, T. Langdon and T. McNelley: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 410, pp. 277-80.
61. A. Zhilyaev, T. McNelley and T. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci., 2007, vol. 42, pp. 1517-28.
62. A. Zhilyaev, G. Nurislamova, B.-K. Kim, M. Baró, J. Szpunar and T. Langdon: Acta. Mater., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 753-65.
63. M. Knezevic, A. Levinson, R. Harris, R.K. Mishra, R.D. Doherty and S.R. Kalidindi: Acta. Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 6230-42.
64. M. Ardeljan, I.J. Beyerlein, B.A. McWilliams and M. Knezevic: Int. J. Plast., 2016, vol. 83, pp. 90-109.
65. M. Knezevic, R.J. McCabe, C.N. Tomé, R.A. Lebensohn, S.R. Chen, C.M. Cady, G.T. Gray Iii and B. Mihaila: Int. J. Plast., 2013, vol. 43, pp. 70-84.
66. M. Knezevic, J.S. Carpenter, M.L. Lovato and R.J. McCabe: Acta. Mater., 2014, vol. 63, pp. 162-68.
67. M. Knezevic, I.J. Beyerlein, M.L. Lovato, C.N. Tomé, A.W. Richards and R.J. McCabe: Int. J. Plast., 2014, vol. 62, pp. 93-104.
68. M. Knezevic, M. Zecevic, I.J. Beyerlein, A. Bhattacharyya and R.J. McCabe: JOM, 2015, vol. 67, pp. 2670-74.
69. A. Bhattacharyya, M. Knezevic and M. Abouaf: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2015, vol. 46, pp. 1085-96.
70. M. Zecevic, M. Knezevic, I.J. Beyerlein and R.J. McCabe: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 665, pp. 108-24.
71. M. Zecevic, M. Knezevic, I.J. Beyerlein and R.J. McCabe: J. Nucl. Mater., 2016, vol. 473, pp. 143-56.
72. M. Jahedi, M.H. Paydar, S. Zheng, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, vol. 611, pp. 29-36.
73. M. Jahedi, M. Knezevic and M. Paydar: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 1471-82.
P. Bazarnik, B. Romelczyk, Y. Huang, M. Lewandowska and T.G. Langdon: J. Alloy. Compd, 2016, vol. 688, pp. 736-45.
75. K. Edalati, Z. Horita and T.G. Langdon: Scr. Mater., 2009, vol. 60, pp. 9-12.
76. Y.Z. Tian, S.D. Wu, Z.F. Zhang, R.B. Figueiredo, N. Gao and T.G. Langdon: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 4331-36.
M. Arzaghi: Acta. Mater., 2012, vol. 60, pp. 4393-08.
78. M. Knezevic and N.W. Landry: Mech. Mater., 2015, vol. 88, pp. 73-86.
79. Z. Horita and T.G. Langdon: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 410–411, pp. 422-25.
80. X. Liao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhu, R. Valiev and D. Gunderov: J. Appl. Phys., 2004, vol. 96, pp. 636-40.
81. J. Jiang, T.B. Britton and A.J. Wilkinson: Int. J. Plast., 2015, vol. 69, pp. 102-17.
82. M. Ortiz, E.A. Repetto and L. Stainier: J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 2000, vol. 48, pp. 2077-14.
83. A. Nazarov, N. Enikeev, A. Romanov, T. Orlova, I. Alexandrov, I. Beyerlein and R. Valiev: Acta Mater., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 985-95.
84. Q. Xue, I. Beyerlein, D. Alexander and G. Gray: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 655-68.
85. M. Pérez-Prado and A. Zhilyaev: Phys. Rev Lett., 2009, vol. 102, p. 175504.
86. Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, Q. Lian, X. Liao, R. Valiev, S. Ringer, Y. Zhu and E. Lavernia: Scri. Mater., 2010, vol. 63, pp. 613-16.
87. M. Ardeljan, R.J. McCabe, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 2015, vol. 295, pp. 396-13.
Acknowledgments
This work is based upon project supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. 1541918. MHP would like to acknowledge the financial support of Shiraz University through grant number 92-GR-ENG-16. IJB gratefully acknowledges the STEM Women Visiting Scholars Program at UNH funded by NSF Grant No. 1209189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted July 2, 2016.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jahedi, M., Beyerlein, I.J., Paydar, M.H. et al. Effects of Pressure and Number of Turns on Microstructural Homogeneity Developed in High-Pressure Double Torsion. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 1249–1263 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3923-7
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3923-7