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Contributions of ε and α′ TRIP Effects to the Strength and Ductility of AISI 304 (X5CrNi18-10) Austenitic Stainless Steel

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Abstract

The deformation-induced processes by tensile loading of X5CrNi18-10 austenitic stainless steel in the temperature range of 77 K to 413 K (−196 °C to 140 °C) were investigated. The results were presented in the form of stress–temperature-transformation (STT) and strain–temperature-transformation (DTT) diagrams. The thermodynamic stability of the austenite with respect to the ε- and α′-martensite transformations was reflected in the STT and DTT diagrams. Furthermore, conclusions could be drawn from the transformation diagrams about the kinetics of stress- and strain-induced martensitic transformations. The diagrams laid foundations for the development of a new method of quantitative determination of strength and elongation contributions by means of induced and often overlapping deformation processes in the austenite. In this context, the plastic strains contributed by the glide and shearing of austenite were quantified and presented in connection with the ε and α′ TRansformation-Induced Plasticity effects. Each deformation process was shown to have made a contribution to the strength and ductility, with a magnitude proportional to its dominance. The summation of such contributions provided the tensile strength and the uniform elongation of the steel. In other words, tensile strength and uniform elongation could be derived from a rule of mixtures. The newly proposed method was capable of explaining the anomalous temperature dependence of uniform elongation in the alloy investigated.

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Abbreviations

TRIP:

Transformation-induced plasticity

TWIP:

Twinning-induced plasticity

STT:

Stress–temperature-transformation

DTT:

Strain–temperature-Transformation

EBSD:

Electron backscatter diffraction

ΔG γ→α′ :

Chemical driving force for the γ → α′ transformation

ΔG γ→ε :

Chemical driving force for the γ → ε transformation

ΔG ε→α′ :

Chemical driving force for the ε → α′ transformation

T γ↔ε0 :

Temperature at which ΔG γ→ε = 0

T γ↔α′0 :

Temperature at which ΔG γ→α′ = 0

γ :

Stacking fault energy of austenite

2ρ :

Atomic density in moles per unit area of the {111}γ planes

2σ γ/ε :

Interfacial energy of γ/ε boundaries

W min :

Minimum amount of mechanical work necessary for transformation

M γ→εs :

Spontaneous γ → ε start temperature

M γ→εsσ :

Highest temperature for the stress-induced γ → ε transformation

M γ→εd :

Highest temperature for the strain-induced γ → ε transformation

M γ→α′s :

Spontaneous γ → α′ start temperature

M γ→α′sσ :

Highest temperature for the stress-induced γ → α′ transformation

M γ→α′d :

Highest temperature for the strain-induced γ → α′ transformation

M ε→α′d :

Highest temperature for the strain-induced ε → α′ transformation

σ γ→α′A :

Triggering tensile stress for the γ → α′ transformation

σ γ→εA :

Triggering tensile stress for the γ → ε transformation

σ ε→α′A :

Triggering tensile stress for the ε → α′ transformation

σ γ→α′S :

Tensile stress at which the strain-induced γ → α′ transformation comes to a standstill

σ γ→εS :

Tensile stress at which the strain-induced γ → ε transformation comes to a standstill

σ f :

Yield strength of steel

R γm :

True tensile strength of austenite

R α′m :

True tensile strength of α′-martensite

R γ+εm :

True tensile strength of steel with austenite and ε-martensite phases

R γ+α′m :

True tensile strength of steel with austenite and α′-martensite phases

R γ+ε+α′m :

True tensile strength of steel with austenite, ε-, and α′-martensite phases

ε γ→α′A :

Plastic strain at which the γ → α′ transformation is triggered

ε γ→εA :

Plastic strain at which the γ → ε transformation is triggered

ε ε→α′A :

Plastic strain at which the ε → α′ transformation is triggered

ε γ→α′S :

Plastic strain at which the γ → α′ transformation comes to a standstill

ε γ→εS :

Plastic strain at which the γ → ε transformation comes to a standstill

ε γ :

Uniform elongation of the austenite

ε γ+α′ :

Uniform elongation of the steel with austenite and α′-martensite phases

ε γ+ε :

Uniform elongation of the steel with austenite and ε-martensite phases

ε γ+ε+α′ :

Uniform elongation of the steel with austenite, ε-, and α′-martensite phases

αε′:

α′-Martensite formed via intermediate ε-martensite

αγ′:

α′-Martensite formed directly from austenite

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Acknowledgment

Basic research provisions were made by the German Research Foundation within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 799.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany

    Andreas Weiß (Professor) & Javad Mola

  2. Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany

    Heiner Gutte (Scientific Assistant)

Authors
  1. Andreas Weiß
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  2. Heiner Gutte
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Correspondence to Andreas Weiß.

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Manuscript submitted August 4, 2014.

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Weiß, A., Gutte, H. & Mola, J. Contributions of ε and α′ TRIP Effects to the Strength and Ductility of AISI 304 (X5CrNi18-10) Austenitic Stainless Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 47, 112–122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2726-y

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