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Effect of Residual Stress and Strain-Induced α′-Martensite on Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels

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Abstract

The role of residual stresses and strain-induced α′-martensite in delayed cracking of metastable austenitic stainless steels was studied by means of Swift cup tests, measurement of residual stresses by X-ray diffraction and ring slitting, and α′-martensite content determination. Low-Ni, high-Mn austenitic stainless steels, e.g., AISI 201, were compared with Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels. The presence of α′-martensite seemed to be a necessary prerequisite for delayed cracking to occur in austenitic stainless steels with typical internal hydrogen concentrations (<5 ppm). Stable low-Ni austenitic stainless steel was not prone to delayed cracking. The low-Ni metastable grades showed more severe cracking at lower degree of deformation and lower volume fraction of α′-martensite than that of the metastable 300-series grades. The limiting α′-martensite content, below which delayed cracking did not occur, decreased along with the nickel content of the material. The strain-induced martensitic transformation substantially increased the magnitude of residual stresses in deep-drawn cups. One explanation for high sensitivity of the low-Ni grades to delayed cracking after deep drawing is their higher residual stresses compared to that of the Fe-Cr-Ni grades. Alloying elements of the stainless steels, nickel, and carbon in particular, influence the sensitivity to delayed cracking through their effect on the properties of the α′-martensite.

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Acknowledgments

This research was done as part of the FIMECC Light and Efficient Solutions (LIGHT) research program funded by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes). The authors would like to thank FIMECC Ltd, Tekes, Outokumpu and Doctoral Program in Concurrent Mechanical Engineering financed by the Ministry of Education and the Academy of Finland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Engineering, P.O. Box 14200, 00076, Aalto, Finland

    Suvi Papula (Doctoral Student) & Hannu Hänninen (Professor)

  2. Corporate R&D, Outokumpu Oyj, P.O. Box 140, 02201, Espoo, Finland

    Juho Talonen (Director)

Authors
  1. Suvi Papula
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  2. Juho Talonen
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  3. Hannu Hänninen
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Correspondence to Suvi Papula.

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Manuscript submitted May 5, 2013.

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Papula, S., Talonen, J. & Hänninen, H. Effect of Residual Stress and Strain-Induced α′-Martensite on Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 45, 1238–1246 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2090-3

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