Abstract
The strain-path dependence of yield strength and mechanical behavior of bake hardening (BH) steels have been investigated. In addition to standard BH tensile tests, samples have been prestrained in plane tension, equibiaxial tension, and shear. After aging at 170 °C for 20 minutes, tensile and shear tests have been carried out to examine the strain-path dependence of the mechanical behavior. A polycrystalline self-consistent model was introduced to model the strain-path dependence of the BH effect. The aging treatment was simulated by an additional hardening term in the model. Simulations were performed for various strain paths, and the influence of aging on yield strength was examined. Results showed that yield strength increase follows a master curve in agreement with experiments and literature. Strain-path dependence of BH was then modeled by a macroscopic hardening term in order to carry out computations with a finite element (FE) method code. Simulations of the dent test were performed and compared with experiments for aged or unaged BH steels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.H. Cottrell and B.A. Bilby: Proc. Phys. Soc., 1949, vol. 62, pp. 49–62.
V. Ballarin, M. Soler, A. Perlade, X. Lemoine, and S. Forest: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, vol. 38A, DOI 10.1007/s11661-009-9813-5.
D.V. Wilson and G.R. Ogram: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1968, vol. 206, pp. 911–20.
G. Jun and W.F. Hosford: Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 1573–75.
S. Hiwatashi and S. Yonemura: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2005, vols. 495–497, pp. 1485–92.
A. Vicary, W.T. Roberts, and D.V. Wilson: Z. Metallkd., 1993, vol. 84, pp. 702–07.
F.D. Bailey, R.P. Foley, and D.K. Matlock: High-Strength Sheet Steels for Automotive Industry, Publ. Iron and Steel Society/AIME, Baltimore, MD, 1994, pp. 119–33.
Z. Marciniak and K. Kuczynski: Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1967, vol. 9, pp. 609–20.
P. Flores, E. Rondia, and A.M. Habraken: Int. J. Form. Process., 2005, vol. 8, pp. 117–37.
J.H. Schmitt, E.L. Shen, and J.L. Raphanel: Int. J. Plast., 1994, vol. 10, pp. 535–51.
J.H. Schmitt: Ph.D. Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France, 1986 (in French).
E.F. Rauch and S. Thuillier: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1993, vol. A164, pp. 255–59.
H. Neuhäuser and A. Hampel: Scripta Metall. Mater., 1993, vol. 29, pp. 1151–57.
S. Berbenni, V. Favier, X. Lemoine, and M. Berveiller: Scripta Mater., 2004, vol. 51, pp. 303–08.
M. Berveiller and A. Zaoui: J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1979, vol. 26, pp. 325–44.
T. Hoc and S. Forest: Int. J. Plast., 2001, vol. 17, pp. 65–85.
G. Cailletaud: Int. J. Plast., 1991, vol. 8, pp. 55–74.
S. Harper: Phys. Rev., 1951, vol. 83, pp. 709–12.
C. Teodosiu, and Z. Hu: Proc. Numiforms 95, Rotterdam, 1995, pp. 173–82.
C. Teodosiu and Z. Hu: Proc. 19th Riso Int. Symp. on Materials Science, Roskilde, Denmark, 1998, pp. 149–68.
H. Haddadi, S. Bouvier, and P. Levée: J. Phys., 2001, vol. 11, pp. 329–37.
R. Hill: Proc. Roy. Soc., 1948, vol. A193, pp. 189–297.
G. Racz, X. Lemoine, B. Haddag, and F. Abed-Meraim: Proc 8th Int. Esaform Conf., The Romanian Academy Publishing House Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2005, pp. 293–96.
Abaqus, 2004, www.abaqus.com.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to M. Soler for carrying out the materials preparation and to J.L. Uriarte and J.H. Schmitt for helpful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted October 29, 2007.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ballarin, V., Perlade, A., Lemoine, X. et al. Mechanisms and Modeling of Bake-Hardening Steels: Part II. Complex Loading Paths. Metall Mater Trans A 40, 1375–1382 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9812-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9812-6