Abstract
This study is concerned with the correlation of microstructure and abrasive and sliding wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixtures of TiC, SiC, Ti + SiC, or TiC+SiC powders and CaF2 flux were deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate, and then an electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures. The surface composite layers of 1.2 to 2.1 mm in thickness were homogeneously formed without defects and contained a large amount (30 to 66 vol pct) of hard precipitates such as TiC and Ti5Si3 in the martensitic matrix. This microstructural modification, including the formation of hard precipitates in the surface composite layer, improved the hardness and abrasive wear resistance. Particularly in the surface composite fabricated with TiC + SiC powders, the abrasive wear resistance was greatly enhanced to a level 25 times higher than that of the Ti alloy substrate because of the precipitation of 66 vol pct of TiC and Ti5Si3 in the hardened martensitic matrix. During the sliding wear process, hard and coarse TiC and Ti5Si3 precipitates fell off from the matrix, and their wear debris worked as abrasive particles, thereby reducing the sliding wear resistance. On the other hand, needle-shaped Ti5Si3 particles, which did not play a significant role in enhancing abrasive wear resistance, lowered the friction coefficient and, accordingly, decelerated the sliding wear, because they played more of the role of solid lubricants than as abrasive particles after they fell off from the matrix. These findings indicated that high-energy electron-beam irradiation was useful for the development of Ti-based surface composites with improved abrasive and sliding wear resistance, although the abrasive and sliding-wear data should be interpreted by different wear mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.B. Kloosterman, B.J. Kooi, and J.T.M. De Hosson: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 26, pp. 6205–17.
J.C. Oh, S. Lee, and M.G. Golkovski: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 2995–3005.
K. Euh, S. Lee, and K. Shin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 3143–51.
C. Hu, H. Xin, L.M. Watson, and T.N. Baker: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 4311–22.
Y.T. Pei and J.T.M. De Hosson: Acta Mater., 2000, vol. 48, pp. 2617–24.
J.H. Abboud and D.R.F. West: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1991, vol. 10, pp. 1149–52.
J.C. Oh, C.S. Lee, and S. Lee: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, vol. 33A, pp. 3173–85.
A.F. Vaisman, S.B. Vasserman, M.G. Golkovskii, V.D. Kedo, and R.A. Salimov: About Surface Hardening by Concentrated Electron Beam at Atmosphere, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, 1988, Preprint 73–88, pp. 5–31.
Y.I. Golubenko, M.E. Veis, N.K. Kusanov, S.A. Kuzenetsov, B.M. Korabelnikov, A.B. Malinin, P.I. Nemytov, V.V. Prudnikov, S.E. Petov, R.A. Salomov, V.G. Cherpkov, and S.N. Fadeev: Accelerator of ElV-type: Status, Development, Applications, BudkerINP 97-7, BINP, Novosibirsk, Russia, 1997, pp. 1–28.
J.C. Oh, E. Yum, M.G. Golkovski, and S. Lee: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, vol. A351, pp. 98–108.
D.E. Alman and J.A. Hawk: Wear, 1999, vols. 225–229, pp. 629–39.
B. Venkataraman and G. Sundararajan: Acta Mater., 1996, vol. 44, pp. 461–73.
M. Bauccio: ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, 2nd ed., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1994, p. 303.
L. Davis: An Introduction to Welding Fluxes for Mild and Low Alloy Steels, The Welding Institute, Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1981, pp. 1–16.
R.C. Weast: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 55th, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1974, p. B-77.
ASTM Standard Practice for Conducting Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests, ASTM G65-83, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1983.
ASTM Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus, ASTM G99-95a, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1995.
Y. Lin, R.H. Zee, and B.A. Chin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1991, vol. 22A, pp. 859–65.
C.S. Lee, J.C. Oh, and S. Lee: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2003, vol. 34A, pp. 1461–71.
B.J. Kooi, M. Kabel, A.B. Kloosterman, and J.T.M. De Hosson: Acta Mater., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 3105–16.
G.Y. Lee, C.K.H. Dharan, and R.D. Ritchie: Wear, 2002, vol. 45, pp. 322–31.
K.-H.Z. Gahr: Tribology Int., 1998, vol. 31, pp. 587–96.
K.-H.Z. Gahr: Microstructure and Wear of Materials, Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1987, pp. 461–77.
J.D. Majumdar, B.L. Mordike, and I. Manna: Wear, 2000, vol. 242, pp. 18–27.
Y. Fu, N.L. Loh, J. Wei, B. Yan, and P. Hing: Wear, 2000, vol. 237, pp. 12–19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oh, J.C., Lee, S. Correlation of microstructure and abrasive and sliding wear resistance of (TiC,SiC)/Ti-6Al-4V surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. Metall Mater Trans A 35, 139–151 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0117-5
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0117-5