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A global representation of vitamin D status in healthy populations

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper visualizes the available data on vitamin D status on a global map, examines the existing heterogeneities in vitamin D status and identifies research gaps.

Methods

A graphical illustration of global vitamin D status was developed based on a systematic review of the worldwide literature published between 1990 and 2011. Studies were eligible if they included samples of randomly selected males and females from the general population and assessed circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Two different age categories were selected: children and adolescents (1–18 years) and adults (>18 years). Studies were chosen to represent a country based on a hierarchical set of criteria.

Results

In total, 200 studies from 46 countries met the inclusion criteria, most coming from Europe. Forty-two of these studies (21 %) were classified as representative. In children, gaps in data were identified in large parts of Africa, Central and South America, Europe, and most of the Asia/Pacific region. In adults, there was lack of information in Central America, much of South America and Africa. Large regions were identified for which the mean 25(OH)D levels were below 50 nmol/L.

Conclusions

This study provides an overview of 25(OH)D levels around the globe. It reveals large gaps in information in children and adolescents and smaller but important gaps in adults. In view of the importance of vitamin D to musculoskeletal growth, development, and preservation, and of its potential importance in other tissues, we strongly encourage new research to clearly define 25(OH)D status around the world.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank invaluable advice from Professors Noriko Yoshimura, Edith Lau, Jean-Philippe Bonjour, Sunil Wimalawansa, Steven Boonen, Paul Lips and the late Philip Sambrook from the IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors; Professor Peter Weber, Doctors Angelika Friedel and Franz Roos from the DSM Nutrition Science & Advocacy for their intellectual input; and DSM for supporting the work through an unrestricted educational grant.

Conflicts of interest

Drs. Manfred Eggersdorfer and Elisabeth Stöcklin are employed by DSM Nutritional Products, Ltd. Professor Cyrus Cooper has received honoraria and consulting fees from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis and Servier. All the other authors have nothing to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    B. Dawson-Hughes

  2. International Osteoporosis Foundation, Nyon, Switzerland

    D. A. Wahl, D. D. Pierroz & J. Stenmark

  3. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton and NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    C. Cooper

  4. NorthWest Academic Centre, University of Melbourne, Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia

    P. R. Ebeling

  5. Nutrition Science & Advocacy and Research & Development Human Nutrition, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland

    M. Eggersdorfer & E. Stöcklin

  6. Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    J. Hilger & K. Hoffmann

  7. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Michael’s Hospital Health Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    R. Josse

  8. Medanta Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, India

    A. Mithal

  9. WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK

    J. A. Kanis

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  1. D. A. Wahl
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  2. C. Cooper
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Correspondence to B. Dawson-Hughes.

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Wahl, D.A., Cooper, C., Ebeling, P.R. et al. A global representation of vitamin D status in healthy populations. Arch Osteoporos 7, 155–172 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-012-0093-0

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