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Geochemistry of the Aptian bituminous limestones in Gümüşhane area, Eastern Black Sea region: new insight into paleogeography and paleoclimate conditions

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Abstract

Aptian is characterized by widespread deposition of organic-rich sediment. The Aptian bitumen limestone horizon, which is thin decimetre-thick sequences, locally crops out in the Kırcaova area, Eastern Black Sea Region (Eastern Pontides). They are well correlated with Aptian bitumen limestone in the other Tethys Reams. They are proposed as episodes of increased organic matter. However, background factors controlling organic matter enrichment are poorly known. In this study, we present new inorganic geochemistry, including trace elements, rare earth elements (REE), redox-sensitive elements (RSE), stable-isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), and total organic carbon (TOC). We integrated new geochemical data with existing stratigraphy, paleontology, and organic chemistry data to provide new insight into the depositional environment and paleoclimate conditions during Aptian. The lacustrine bitumen limestone (LBL) samples have varied δ13C (ave. -1.45‰) and δ18O (ave.-4.50‰). They possess distinct REE patterns, with an average of REE (ave. 14.45 ppm) and Y/Ho (ave. 35) ratios. In addition, they have variable Nd/YbN (0.28–0.81; ave. 0.56) and Ce/Ce* (0.68–0.97; ave. 0.86), and relatively high Eu*/Eu (1.23–1.53; ave. 1.35). They display seawater signatures with reduced oxygen conditions. The enrichment in RSE (Mo, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and the low Mo/TOC (0.70–3.69; ave. 2.41) support a certain degree of water restriction. The high Sr/Ba, Sr/Cu, Ga/Rb, and K/Al records of the LBL facies suggest hot house climatic conditions. The sedimentary environment was probably an isolated basin that is transformed from the marine basin. In addition to depositional conditions, the regional parameters such as the climate, increased run-off period, nutrient levels, alkalinity level, and dominant carbonate producers favored the enrichment in organic matter of LBL facies. Thus, extreme greenhouse palaeoclimate conditions have an important role in organic matter enrichment in the isolated basin. Our results are conformable with the published data from marine, semi-restricted basin, and lacustrine settings in the different parts of the Tethys margin. Thus, this approach provides the first insight into the Aptian greenhouse paleo-climate conditions of the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey.

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Acknowledgements

The corresponding author acknowledges the Karadeniz Technical University for facilitating her research and for access to the Sedimentary Laboratories during the micro-drilling sampling period. The author is grateful to Prof. Dr. Ihsan Al-Aasm (University of Windsor, Canada) for the stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) analyses. The appreciation is extended to Prof. Dr. Cathy Hollis (University of Manchester, UK) for her supervision during the author's Post-Doc Research focusing on REE chemistry of carbonates. The appreciation is extended to Prof. Dr. Reyhan Kara Gülbay (Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye) and M. Ziya Kırmacı (Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye) for their constructive comments, which greatly improved the quality of this paper. Thanks also due to Ali Keskin and Aslı Çağla for their help during the field and laboratory studies.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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  1. Geological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Ortahisar, Trabzon, TR-61080, Turkey

    Merve Özyurt

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Özyurt, M. Geochemistry of the Aptian bituminous limestones in Gümüşhane area, Eastern Black Sea region: new insight into paleogeography and paleoclimate conditions. Acta Geochim 42, 971–987 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-023-00623-9

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