Abstract
In permafrost regions with warm frozen soil, subgrade thaw-collapse phenomenon commonly occurs, facing thaw collapse problems of the existed frozen soil subgrade, thus it is difficult to use traditional methods such as active cooling and passive protection technology to stabilize the existed warm frozen soil subgrade. This study derives a novel stabilizer method, a long-short (L-S) cement-mixed batter pile composite foundation to stabilize the existed warm frozen soil subgrade. To solve the thaw-collapse problems in warm frozen soil subgrade, high water content and large compressibility characteristics were compared between soft soil and warm frozen soils. Theoretical analysis of heat conduction and numerical simulation of finite element model were used to study the freeze-thaw process and evaluate the stabilized effects of the L-S cement-mixed batter piles on the warm frozen soil foundation of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. Furthermore, the thaw process and mechanical properties of foundation and piles were analyzed by introducing the hydration heat factor in the thermodynamic control equation. The results indicate that the thawing displacement of the existed warm frozen soil subgrade was reduced owing to the “support” and “grasp” effects of the L-S cement-mixed batter piles on the surrounding soil. The composite ground formed by strengthening the warm frozen ground with batter piles could considerably improve the bearing capacity of the existed warm frozen ground, effectively restrain the deformation of the upper embankment, and improve the strength of the ground. The analysis can provide method for the construction design of cement mixing batter pile foundation in cold regions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi S, Ghasemzadeh H, Changizi F (2021) Effects of thermal cycles on microstructural and functional properties of nano treated clayey soil. Eng Geol 280:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105929
Ahmadi S, Ghasemzadeh H, Changizi F (2021) Effects of A low-carbon emission additive on mechanical properties of fine grained soil under freeze-thaw cycles. J Clean Prod 304: 127–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127157
Boz A, Sezer A (2018) Influence of fiber type and content on freeze-thaw resistance of fiber reinforced lime stabilized clay. Cold Reg Sci Technol. 151:359–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.03.026
Changizi F, Ghasemzadeh H, Ahmadi S (2021) Evaluation of strength properties of clay treated by nano-SiO2 subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Road Mater Pavement Des 23(6): 1221–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1883466
Chen J, Li A, Bao C, et al. (2021) A deep learning forecasting method for frost heave deformation of high-speed railway subgrade. Cold Reg Sci Technol 185:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103265
Chai J, Shrestha S, Hino T, et al. (2015) 2D and 3D analyses of an embankment on clay improved by soil-cement columns. Comput Geotech 68:28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.03.014
Chai MT, Zhang H, Zhang JM, et al. (2017) Effect of cement on unconfined compressive strength of warm and ice-rich frozen soil. Constr Build Mater 149:861–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.202
Chandra SG, Masato S, Takumi I, et al. (2021) Inclined single piles under loading in cohesionless soil. Acta Geotech 16: 1231–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01074-9
Chen WL, Ma JL, Shuai C, et al. (2020) Shaking table test study on seismic performance of inclined pile foundations in liquefiable soil. Environ Earth Sci 79:398–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09139-4
Duh YS, Wang WF, Kao CS (2014) Novel validation on pressure as a determination of onset point for exothermic decomposition of DTBP. J Therm Anal Calorim 116:1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3690-x
Fu TT, Zhu ZW, Cao CX (2020) Dynamic behaviour and damage-evolution model of frozen soil. Meccanica 55:177–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-01100-5
Gao JQ, Ma QG, Ren JG (2021) Evaluating the heating performance of a novel heating two-phase closed thermosyphon (HTPCT) in high-speed railway embankments of seasonally frozen regions. Arab J Geosci 14:2265–2271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08641-8
Ghasemzadeh H, Tarzaban M, Hajitaheriha MM (2018) Numerical analysis of pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups with batter piles. Geotech Geol Eng 36(4):2189–2215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0456-4
Ghasemzadeh H, Alibeikloo M (2011) Pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups with batter piles under dynamic loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31:1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.04.005
Jia FJ, Yao Y, Li CC (2021) Preparation and Mechanism Research of Hydration-heat-inhibiting Materials with Microcapsule Sustained-releasing Technology. J Wuhan Univ Technol 36(5):697–705. https://doi.org/10.1631/s11595-021-2462-2
Kravchenko E, Liu J, Niu W, et al. (2018) Performance of clay soil reinforced with fibers subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Reg Sci Technol 153: 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.05.002
Lin Z, Niu F, Li X, et al. (2018) Characteristics and controlling factors of frost heave in high-speed railway subgrade Northwest China. Cold Reg Sci Technol 153:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.05.001
Lu XH, Song MG, Wang PF (2019) Numerical simulation of the composite foundation of cement soil mixing piles using \({\rm{FLA}}{{\rm{C}}^{{3^{\rm{D}}}}}\). Cluster Compu 22:S7965–S7974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-1544-6
Liu ZZ, Yan ZX, Wang XG, et al. (2021) Effect of the inclined pile-soil arch in a soil landslide reinforced with anti-sliding piles. Nat Hazards 106: 2227–2249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-021-04541-y
Nikos GM, Amalia GK, Ioannis AP, et al. (2008) Evidence of beneficial role of inclined piles: observations and summary of numerical analyses. Bull Earthq Eng 6:705–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9085-2
Pan HS, Tong LY, Wang ZS, et al. (2021) Effects of soil-cement mixing wall construction adjacent shield tunnel linings in soft soil. Arabian J Sci Eng 13:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06705-9
Pitthaya JW, Panich VP, Pornpot TS, et al. (2019) Effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction for deep exvacations in soft clay: case study and 3D simulation. Acta Geotech 14:225–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0660-7
Sun GC, Zhang JM, Dang YS, et al. (2019) Microstructure and strength features of warm and ice-rich frozen soil treated with high-performance cements. J Mt sci 16(6):1470–1482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5197-6
Sun ZZ, Ma W, Zhang SH, et al. (2018) Characteristics of thawed interlayer and its effect on embankment settlement along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions. J Mt sci 15(5):1090–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4643-1
Shen MD, Zhou ZZ, Ma W (2022) Tensile behaviors of frozen subgrade soil. B Eng Geol Environ 81:122–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02616-z
Siriwan WC, Pornkasem JP, Pongpeera PW, et al. (2021) Deformaion and failure mechanism of deep cement mixing walls: experimental study using physical model tests. Arch Civ Mech Eng 21:127–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00287-3
Saeid EW, Marawan MS, Ahmed MN, et al. (2021) Effect of soil improvement techniques on increasing the lateral resistance of single piles in soft clay (Numerical Investigation). Geotech Geol Eng 39:4059–4070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01534-9
Sandra E, Chzaelas JL, Garnier J (2008) Centrifuge modelling of raked piles. Bull Earthq Eng 6:689–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9094-1
Waad AZ, Hassan OA, Qasim AA (2020) Vertical and inclined lime injected piles under footing resting on collapsing soil. J Inst Eng India ser A 101(3): 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-020-00449-1
Wang L, Zheng G, Ou RN (2014) Finite element analysis of couple effect of soil displacement and axial load on single inclined plie. J Cen South Univ 21:3656–3664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2348-y
Wu YP, Guo J, Guo CX, et al. (2010) Exothermic process of cast-in-place foundation and its thermal agitation of frozen ground under a long dry bridage on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. J Zhejiang Univ-SCI A 11(2):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A0900522
Wen Z, Sheng Y, Ma W, et al. (2005) Evaluation of EPS application to embankment of Qinghai-Tibetan railway. Cold Reg Sci Technol 41(3): 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2004.11.001.
Yu JL, Zhou JJ, Gong XN, et al. (2021) Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil. Acta Geotech 16:1909–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01109-1
Ye GB, Cai YS, Zhang Z (2017) Numerical study on load transfer effect of stiffened deep mixed column-supported embankment over soft soil. KSCE J Civ Eng 21(3):703–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0637-8
Ye M, Fu XFHF, Mao XS. (2015) Freeze depth predicting of permafrost subgrade based on moisture and thermal coupling model. KSCE J Civ Eng 19(6):1707–1715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0685-x
Ye F, Qi JL, Yao XL, et al. (2013) Degradation process of permafrost underneath embankments along Qinghai-Tibet Highway: An engineering view. Cold Reg Sci Technol 85:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.09.001
Zhang ZL, Zhang JM, Zhang H (2018) Effects and mechanisms of ionic soil stabilizers on warm frozen soil. Arab J Sci Eng 43(10): 5657–5666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3250-y
Zhu ZY, Qiang S, Chen WM. (2014) A model for temperature influence on concrete hydration exothermic rate (Part one: Theory and Experiment). J Wuhan Univ Tech-Mater Sci Ed 29(3):540–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0954-J
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41971086), Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (Grant No. 2023-JC-QN-0626, 2022JQ-467).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, Gc., Yao, G., Zhang, Jm. et al. Stabilized effects of L-S cement-mixed batter pile composite foundation for existed warm frozen soil subgrade. J. Mt. Sci. 20, 542–556 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7482-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7482-7