Abstract
Filling of dolines with aeolian sediments, one of the less frequently described ways in which they are filled, is analysed in the present study on an example of a doline in the high-mountain karst of the Dinarides. There is a series of deep dolines on a broad ridge (about 2450 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Durmitor (Montenegro) in the southeastern part of the Dinarides. The accumulation of very fine-grained sand that almost completely fills one of the dolines was analysed. More than 99% of the accumulation was found to be composed of well-sorted quartz grains with an average size of 89 µm and no vertical differences in granulometric or textural characteristics. With respect to mineral composition, the accumulation differs significantly from that prevalent in this part of the Dinarides, in which different kinds of carbonate rocks are dominant. The conducted analyses indicated an aeolian origin of the sediments. Significant aridification that began in the Middle Holocene made the area of North Africa a source of sediments that were transported by the aeolian process to neighbouring regions. Geomorphological-sedimentological research on Mt. Durmitor and earlier investigations of the wider Mediterranean region indicate that dolines in high-mountain karst can be filled with aeolian sediments. The sediments originated from territory of the northern Sahara, and the filling occurred in the Late Holocene, at the close of the African humid period. The present study shows that apart from the influence of local factors, regional geomorphological processes such as aeolian transport can also exert significant influence on the filling of dolines. It also indicates a high intensity and strongly expressed dynamics of aeolian sediment transport from the territory of Africa to this part of Southern Europe.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angelisi M, Gaudichet A (1991) Saharan dust deposition over Mont Blanc (French Alps) during the last 30 years. Tellus B: Chem Phys Meteorol 43(1): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1034/Ai.1600-0889.1991.00005.x
Applequist S (2012) Wind Rose Bias Correction. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 51 (7): 1305–1309. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0193.1
Avigad D, Sandler A, Kolodner K, et al. (2005) Mass-production of Cambro-Ordovician quartz-rich sandstone as a consequence of chemical weathering of Pan-African terranes: Environmental implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 240(3–4): 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.021
Babić Lj, Zupanič J, Vidović J, et al. (2013) Preservation of hanging aeolian deposits in insular karst depressions: Sediment sources and implications for the Pleistocene paleogeography of the SE Adriatic archipelago. Aeolian Res 11: 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.06.003
Bagnold R (1941) The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. Chapman & Hall, London. p 265.
Ballut C, Faivre S (2012) New data on the dolines of Velebit mountain: an evaluation of their sedimentary archive potential in the reconstruction of landscape evolution. Acta Carsologica 41(1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v41i1.48
Baumann S, Winkler S, Andreassen LM (2009) Mapping glaciers in Jotunheimen, South-Norway, during the “Little Ice Age” maximum. The Cryosphere 3-2 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-231-2009, 2009
Blott SJ, Pye K (2001) GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf Process Landf 26: 1237–1248.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261
Blott SJ, Croft DJ, Pye K, et al. (2004) Particle size analysis by laser diffraction. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 232: 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.232.01.08
Brewer S, Guiot J, Sanchez-Goñi MF, et al. (2008) The climate in Europe during the Eemian: A multi-method approach using pollen data. Ouat Sci Rev 27: 2303–2315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.029
Boggs JrS (2011) Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy — 5th Edition, Pearson. p 608.
Bordon A, Peyron O, Lézine A-M, et al. (2009) Pollen-inferred Late-Glacial and Holocene climate in southern Balkans (Lake Maliq). Ouat Int 200 (1–2): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.05.014
Cheetham MD, Keene AF, Bush RT, et al. (2008) A comparison of grain-size analysis methods for sand-dominated fluvial sediments. Sedimentology 55: 1905–1913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.00972.x
Claussen M, Dallmeyer A, Barder J (2017) Theory and Modeling of the African Humid Period and the Green Sahara. Climate Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.532
Clifford HM, Spaulding NE, Kurbatov, AV, et al. (2019) A 2000-year Saharan dust event proxy record from an ice core in the European Alps. J Geophys Res Atmos 124: 12882–12900. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030725
Cvijić J (1893) Das Karstphänomen, Versuch einer morphologischen Monographie. (Karst phenomenon, an attempt at a morphological monograph). Vienna. p 112. (In German)
Čar J (2001) Structural Bases for Shaping of Dolines. Acta Carsologica, 30(2): 239–256.
Day M (1983) Doline Morphology and Development in Barbados. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 73(2): 206–219.
de Menocal PB (2015) End of the African Humid Period. Nat Geosci 8(2): 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2355
Djurović P (1999) Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli namet glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro). In: Andreo B, Carrasco F, Durán J J (eds), Contribucion del estudio cientifico de las cavidades karsticas al conocimiento geologico, 17th-20th June 1999. Patronato da la Cueva de Nerja, Instittuto de investigaion, Malaga 579–585.
Djurović P (2009) Reconstruction of the Pleistocene glaciers of Mount Durmitor in Montenegro. Acta Geogr Slov 49(2): 263–279. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS49202
Djurović P (2011) High mountanian karst on Durmitor. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Special issus. Belgrade. p 205.
Djurović P (2012) The Debeli Namet glacier (Durmitor, Montenegro) — from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Acta Geogr Slov 52(2): 277–301. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS52201
Djurović P, Djurović M (2016) Physical-Geographical Factor of Development and Evolution of the Debeli Namet Glacier (Montenegro). In: Doyle N (ed), Glaciers: Formation Climate Change and their Effects, Nova Publisher, New York. pp 25–52.
Djurović P, Menković Lj (2004) Remote Sensing in geomorphological Mapping. First Mediterranean conference of earth observation — remote sensing, Belgrade.
Djurović P, Petrović A (2007) Large Canyons of Dinaric and Prokletije Mountains Region of Montenegro. Geogr Pannonica 14–18. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan0711014D
Folk RL (1980) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing, Austin, TX. p 182.
Folk RL, Ward WC, (1957) Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sediment Petrol 27: 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
Ford D, Williams PW (2007) Karst geomorphology and hydrology. London. p 601.
Fouache E, Desruelles S, Magny M, et al. (2009) Palaeogeographical reconstructions of Lake Maliq (Korçca Basin, Albania) between 14,000 BP and 2000 BP. J Archaeol Sci 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.017
Francke A, Wagner B, Leng MJ, et. al. (2013) A Late Glacial to Holocene record of environmental change from Lake Dojran (Macedonia, Greece). Clim Past 9: 481–498. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-481-2013
Friedman G M (1962) On sorting, sorting coefficient and the lognormality of the grain size distribution of sandstones. J Geol 70: 734–753. https://doi.org/10.1086/jg.70.6.30066373
Engelstaedter S, Tegen I, Washington R (2006) North African dust emissions and transport. Earth-Sci Rev 79: 73–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.004
Evans JE, Reed JM (2007) Integrated loessite-paleokarst depositional system, early Pennsylvanian molas formation, Paradox Basin, southwestern Colorado, USA. Sediment. Geol. 195: 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.07.010
Evans JE, Soreghan M (2015) Long-distance sediment transport and episodic resedimentation of Pennsylvanian dust (eolian silt) in cave passages of the Mississippian Leadville Limestone, southwestern Colorado, USA. Geol Soc Am Special Paper, 516: 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2516(21)
Gachev E, Stoyanov K, Gikov A (2016) Small glaciers on the Balkan Peninsula: State and changes in the last several years. Ouat Int 415(10): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.042
Gams I (1994) Types of contact karst. Geogr Fis Din Ouat 17: 37–46.
Gams I (2000) Doline morphogenetic processes from global and local viewpoints. Acta carsologica 29(2): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v29i2.453
Giraudi C, Mercuri A M, Esu D (2012) Holocene palaeoclimate in the northern Sahara margin (Jefara Plain, northwestern Libya). The Holocene 23(3): 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612460787
Ginoux P, Chin M, Tegen I, et al. (2001) Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. J Geophys Res Atmos 106: 20255–20273. https://doi.org/10.1029/200JD000053
Greilinger M, Schauer G, Baumann-Stanzer K, et al. (2018) Contribution of Sahara dust to ion deposition loads of high alpine snow packs in Austria (1987–2017). Front Earth Sci 6: 126. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00126
Grünewald K, Scheithauer J (2010) Europe’s southernmost glaciers: response and adaptation to climate change. J Glaciol 56(195): 129–142. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791190947
Gupta A (2011) Tropical geomorphology. Cambridge University press. p 393.
Hély C, Lézine A-M, APD contributors (2014) Holocene changes in African vegetation: tradeoff between climate and water availability. Clim Past 10: 681–686. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-681-2014
Hughes PD (2007) Recent behaviour of the Debeli namet glacier, Durmitor, Montenegro. Earth Surf Process Landf 32(10): 1593–1602. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1537
Hughes PD, Woodward C (2008) Timing of glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains during the last cold stage. J Quat Sci 23: 575–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1212
Hughes PD, Woodward J, van Calsteren C, et al. (2011) The glacial history of the Dinaric Alps, Montenegro. Quat Sci Rev 30: 3393–3412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.016
Jalut G, Dedoubat JJ, Fontugne M, et al. (2009) Holocene circum-Mediterranean vegetation changes: Climate forcing and human impact. Quat Int 200: 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.012
Jeanpert J, Genthon P, Maurizont P, et al. (2016) Morphology and distribution of dolines on ultramafic rocks from airborne LiDAR data: the case of souther Grande Terre in New Caledonia (SW Pacific). Earth Surf Process Landf 41(13): 1854–1868. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3952
Jiménez-Espejo F, García-Alix A, Jiménez-Moreno G, et al. (2014) Saharan aeolian input and effective humidity variations over western Europe during the Holocene from a high-altitude record, Chem Geol 1–2: 374–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.03.001
Kovács J, Ujvàri G, Varga G, et al. (2020) Plio-Pleistocene Dust Traps on Paleokarst Surfaces: A Case Study from the Carpathian Basin. Front Earth Sci 8: 189. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00189
Krinsley DH, Doornkamp JC (1973) Atlas of Quartz Sand Surface Textures. Cambridge Earth Science Series. p 102.
Lindholm R (1987) A practical Approach to Sedimentology. Xviii, Boston, Mass., London, Sydney, Wellington: Allen &Unwin. p 279.
Liszkowski J (1995) On the mechanisms and kinematics of drift dolines formation. Acta carsologica 24: 333–345.
Liu Z, Wang Y, Gallimore R, et al. (2007) Simulating the transient evolution and abrupt change of Northern Africa atmosphere-ocean-terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene. Quat Sci Rev 26: 1818–1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.002
Liu T, Lepre CJ, Hemming SR, et al. (2021) Rock varnish record of the African Humid Period in the Lake Turkana basin of East Africa. The Holocene 31(8): 1239–1249. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836211011655
Magri D, Sadori L (1999) Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen stratigraphy at Lago di Vico (central Italy). Veget Hist Archaeobot 8: 247–260.
Margiotta S, Negri S, Parise M, et al. (2012) Mapping the susceptibility to sinkholes in coastal areas, based on stratigraphy, geomorphology and geophysics. Nat hazards 62(2): 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0100-1
Marenco F, Ryder C, Estellés V, et al. (2018) Unexpected vertical structure of the Saharan Air Layer and giant dust particles during AER-D, Atmos Chem Phys 18: 17655–17668. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17655-2018
Matović V, Gajić V, Vasić N (2019) Methodology of examination of sedimentary rocks. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology. p 310 (In Serbian).
McCave IN, Syvitski JPM (1991) Principles and methods of geological particle size analysis. In: Syvitski J.P.M. (ed), Principles, Methods and Applications of Particle Size Analysis Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 3–21.
Merino E, Banerjee A (2008) Terra rossa genesis, implications for karst, and eolian dust: a geodynamic thread. J Geol 116: 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1086/524675
Meteorological annual (1961–1990) Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro.
Miall AD (2006) The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology. SpringerVerlag, Berlin. p 582 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03237-4
Michel R (1991) Le karst tropical humide. Essai de synthèse. L’exemple du Zaïre. Bull Soc géogr Liège 27: 3–22.
Mihevc A (1998) Dolines, their morphology and origin. Case study: Dolines from the kras, west Slovenia (The Skocijan karst). Suppl Geogr Fis Dinam Quat III4: 69–74.
Mihevc A, Zupan-Hajn N (1996) Clastic sediments from dolines and caves found during the construction of the motorway near Divača, on the classical Karst. Acta carsologica 25: 169–191.
Miller D (2004) Karst geomorphology of the White Limestone Group. In: Donovan, S.K. (ed), The Mid-Cainozoic White Limestone Group of Jamaica Cainozoic Research 3(1–2) 189–219.
Mirković M (1983) Geology and tectonics of Durmitor, Piva and Volujak mountans. Geološki glasnik, Institut za geološka istraživanja SR Crna Gora, 5, Titograd. p 116. (In Montenegrin)
Mirković M, Vujusić P (1980–1986) Basic geological map of SFRY, Sheet Žabljak 1:100 000, Savezni geoloski zavod, Beograd. (In Serbian)
Mix C, Küfmann C (2015) Sedimenttransport zwischen Dolinenkarst und Riesendinghöhle am Untersberg (Nördliche Kalkalpen). Zeitschrift für Geomorphol 59(4): 455–475. https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg/2015/0165
Moreno T, Querol X, Castillo S, et al. (2006) Geochemical variations in aeolianmineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel Dust Corridor. Chemosphere 65: 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.052
Narcisi B (2000) Late Quaternary Eolian Deposition in Central Italy. Quat Res 54(2): 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2155
Pardo-Igúzquiza E, Pulido-Bosch A, López-Hicano M, et al. (2016) Morphometric analysis of karst depressions on a mediterranean karst massif. Geogr Ann A: Phys Geogr 98(3): 247. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12135
Petruk W (2002) Imaging of minerals, ores and related products to determine mineral characteristics. Min Metall Explor 9: 50–56.
Peyron O, Goring S, Dormoy I, et al. (2011) Holocene seasonality changes in the central Mediterranean region reconstructed from the pollen sequences of Lake Accesa (Italy) and Tenaghi Philippon (Greece). The Holocene 21(1): 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610384162
Pouzet P, Maanan M, Piotrowska N, et al. (2018) Chronology of Holocene storm events along the European Atlantic coast: new data from the Island of Yeu, France. Prog Phys Geogr,SAGE Publications 42(4): 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133318776500
Priori S, Costantini E (2010) Geographic relevance of Late Pleistocene and Middle Holocene aeolian deposits in Central Tuscany (Italy). 19th World Congress of Soil Science Symposium1.6.1 Impact of aeolian sediments on pedogenesis Soil Solutions for a Changing World. pp 9–12.
Rao D (2002) Remote sensing application in geomorphology. Trop Ecol 43: 49–59.
Riccio A, Chinese E, Tositti L, et al. (2009) Modeling the transport of Saharan dust toward the Mediterranean region: an important issue for its ecological implications. Ecol Quest 11: 65–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10090-009-0019-7
Ritchie JC, Eyles CH, Haynes CV (1985) Sediment and pollen evidence for an early to mid-Holocene humid period in the eastern Sahara. Nature 330: 645–647. https://doi.org/10.1038/314352a0
Roberts N (1998) The Holocene: An Environmental History. Oxford, Blackwell. p 316.
Ryder CL, Marenco F, Brook JK, et al. (2018) Coarse-mode mineral dust size distributions, composition and optical properties from AER-D aircraft measurements over the tropical eastern Atlantic. Atmos Chem Phys 18: 17225–17257. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17225-2018
Sabatier P, Dezileaub L, Colinc C, et al. (2012) 7000 years of paleostorm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea in response to Holocene climate events. Ouat Res 77(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.002
Sahu BK (1964) Depositional mechanisms from the size analysis of clastic sediments. J Sediment Petrol 34: 73–83.
Salvigsen O, Lauritzen Ø, Mangerud J (1983) Karst and karstification in gypsiferous beds in Mathiesondalen, Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Polar Res 1: 83–88. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v1i1.6972
Sauro U (2003) Dolines and sinkholes: Aspects of evolution and problems of classification, Acta carsologica 32 (2): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v32i2.335
Sauro U, Ferrarese F, Francese R, et al. (2009) Doline fills — Case study of the Faverghera plateau (Venetian pre — Alps, Italy). Acta carsologica 38(1): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v38i1.136
Shanahan TM, McKay NP, Hughen KA, et al. (2015) The time-transgressive termination of the African Humid Period. Nat Geosci 8: 140–144.
Siart C, Hecht S, Holzhauer I, et al. (2010) Karst depressions as geoarchaeological archives: The palaeoenviromental reconstruction of Zominthos (Central Crete), based on geophysical prospection, sedimentological investigations and Gis. Ouat Int 216: 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.020
Siart C, Ghilardi M, Forbiger M, et al. (2012) Terrestrial laser scanning and electrical resistivity tomography as combined tools for the geoarchaeological study of the Kritsa — Latô dolines (Mirambello, Crete, Greece). Geomorphol Relief Process Environ 18(1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.9743
Sinclair WC, Stewart JW (1985) Sinkhole Type, Development, and Distribution in Florida. Florida Geological Survey Map Series. p 110.
Smith MJ, Rose J, Booth S (2006) Geomorphological mapping of glacial landforms from remotely sensed data: An evaluation of the principal data sources and an assessment of their quality. Geomorphology 76: 1–2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.11.001
Smith M, Paron P, Griffiths J (2011) Geomorphological Mapping. Methods and Applications. Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 15, 1, Elsevier Sciences. p 610.
Stepišnik U (2004) The origin of sediments inside the collapse dolines of Postojna karst (Slovenia). Acta carsologica 33(1): 237–244 https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v33i1.326
Stepisnik U (2011) Sediments in collapse dolines on the Kras plateau, Slovenia. Acta Geogr Slov 51(2): 233–252. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS51201
Street-Perrott F A, Marchand D S, Roberts N, et al. (1989) Global lake-level variations from 18,000 to 01 years ago: A palaeo climatic analysis. Washington: U.S. DOE/ER/60304-H1 TR 046.U.S. Department of Energy. Technical Report, p 213. https://doi.org/10.2172/5609291
Tawadros E (2018) Geology of North Africa. CRC. p 930.
Telbisz T, Mari L, Szabó L (2011) Geomorphological characteristics of the Italian side of Canin massif (Julian Alps) using digital terrain analysis and field observations. Acta carsologica 40(2): 255–266. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v40i2.10
Tsoar H, Pye K (1987) Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation. Sedimentology 34: 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1987.tb00566.x
Uagoda R, Avelar A, Coelho Netto A L (2011) Karstic morphology control in non-carbonate rocks: Santana basin, middle Paraiba do Sul River valley, Brazil. Z fur Geomorphol 55(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0055-0031
van der Does M, Knippertz P, Zschenderlein P, et al. (2018) The mysterious long-range transport of giant mineral dust particles. Sci Adv 4: 2768. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2768
Varga G, Dagsson-Waldhauserová P, Gresina F, et al. (2020) Saharan dust and giant quartz particle transport towards Iceland. Sci Rep 11: 11891. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91481-z
VGI (Vojnogeografski institute/Military Geographical Institute) (1969) Topographic map 1:25 000 sheet Durmitor South Belgrade.
VGI (Vojnogeografski institute/Military Geographical Institute) (1971) Aero-photo images in scale 1:25 000 Belgrade.
VGI (Vojnogeografski institute/Military Geographical Institute) (1981) Aero-photo images in scale 1:50 000 Belgrade.
von Storch H, Zwiers FW (1999). Statistical Analysis in Climate Research. Cambridge University Press. p 484. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612336
Waltham AC, Fookes PG (2003) Engineering classification of karst ground conditions. O J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 36: 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/2002-33
Waltham T (2005) Tiankengs of the world, outside China. Speleogenes evol karst aquifers 4(1): 2–12.
Waltham T, Bell F, Culshaw M (2005) Sinkholes and Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction. Springer, Praxis Publishing Ltd, London. p 384. https://doi.org/10.1007/b138363
Williams PW (1993) Karst Terrains; Environmental Changes and Human Impacts. Catena Suppl 25 Elsevier. p 267.
Williams P (2003) Dolines. In: Gunn J (ed), Encyclopaedia of caves and karst science, Routledge. pp 304 - 310.
Yilmaz I (2012) On the value in gypsum terrains as a „Geological Heritage“: an example from Sivas basin, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 65(3): 805–812 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1125-6
Zerai K (2009) Chronostratigraphy of Holocene alluvial archives in the Wadi Sbeïtlabasin (central Tunisia). Géomorphologie 15(4): 271–286 https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7737
Živaljevié M, Vujisić P, Stijović V (1989) An interpreter for a basic geological map sheet Žabljak (1:100 000). Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd. pp 1–58. (In Serbian)
Acknowledgements
Sedimentological testing of samples from Mt. Durmitor was done in laboratories of Belgrade University’s Faculty of Mining and Geology, to whose staff members the authors are deeply grateful. The authors are also deeply grateful to Mr. Raymond Dooley for language editing of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Djurović, M., Gajić, V. & Djurović, P. Filling of dolines with aeolian sediments in the high-mountain karst of the Dinarides (Mt. Durmitor, Montenegro). J. Mt. Sci. 19, 1886–1900 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7274-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7274-5