The Authors Reply—We thank Dr. Lutwak for her interest and comments on our article, “PTSD Risk and Mental Health Care Engagement in a Multi-War Era Community Sample of Women Veterans”.1 We agree that a better understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risks, incidence, and associated physiological changes are important for informing the care of affected individuals. Several recent studies complement those cited by Dr. Lutwak in furthering our understanding of these important issues and their implications for PTSD care.

Maguen et al., studying U.S. active duty soldiers, and Vogt et al., studying U.S. veterans, each examined gender differences in traumatic experiences and mental health after deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan2,3 Both studies found gender differences in types or levels of traumatic military exposures, but they found similar risk for PTSD in women and men after adjusting for traumatic exposure type and predeployment stressors or mental health. These studies confirm the importance of examining a variety of exposure types and comorbid conditions, as we did in our study, when assessing PTSD risk.

Heterogeneity in mental health comorbidity among patients with PTSD may also have implications for their health care needs and treatment preferences. For example, Lehavot et al. highlighted specific areas of vulnerability for women veterans with comorbid PTSD and depressive symptoms, in comparison to those with PTSD symptoms only, depressive symptoms only, or neither.4 Determinations of women veterans’ PTSD risk and comorbidity are more accessible for primary care provider decision-making than are physiologic parameters. As Dr. Lutwak noted, we think that increased patient and provider awareness of PTSD risk can inform patient management. Health care settings that choose to directly deliver mental health care services to women veterans, rather than to refer them for that care, have several options for mental health care arrangements that are gender-sensitive.5