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Continuity of care is a fundamental tenet of high quality of care and has been likened to “motherhood and apple pie”1. Unfortunately, patients feel that continuity and care transitions are major problems with their healthcare2. This is not surprising given the increasing use of specialists, such as hospitalists, which results in increased fragmentation of patient care3.Given these trends, investments to improve care transitions are critical to ensuring safe patient care4.
For this reason, the Transitions of Care Consensus Policy Statement produced from a collaboration of six medical societies (American College of Physicians, Society of General Internal Medicine, Society of Hospital Medicine, American Geriatrics Society, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society of Academic Emergency Medicine) is especially timely and welcome5. The formal collaboration of these groups is also impressive and unprecedented. This broad involvement of generalists, hospitalists, geriatricians, and emergency medicine physicians increases the likelihood that these recommendations can impact these stakeholder groups. The policy statement represents an important starting point from which to guide improvement initiatives and policy changes to advance care transitions.
However, in considering how to translate these recommendations into practice, there is more work to do. While the consensus statement appropriately recommends a “patient-centered” approach, it is important to note that the patient perspective is missing from this effort. Likewise, perspectives of other healthcare professionals who play an active role in care transitions, including but not limited to case managers, nurses, pharmacists, nursing home staff, and home health and medical transport professionals, are absent. Interestingly, patient advocates and health care providers from these various care settings, have partnered together to form the National Transitions of Care Coalition (NTOCC), which represents 26 groups, to improve care transitions6. Future engagement of this broader set of stakeholders is a crucial and necessary step to move these recommendations forward. The policy statement outlines high level-principles for care transitions that are generally agreeable to most physicians, but does not delve into the details of how to improve care transitions. While the recommendations call for actions such as physicians communicating effectively and accessing the medical record during a care transition, little guidance is offered on how to achieve these goals. As with all improvement efforts, the difficulty lies in the implementation of these recommendations or simply, “the devil in the details.” At the front lines of patient care, there are numerous practical challenges involved with implementing these recommendations outlined in the consensus statement. There are, however, several additional recommendations outlined below that can help translate this Policy Statement into action for hospitals, office practices, and patients:
EMBRACE ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS AS A TOOL TO IMPROVE CARE TRANSITIONS
Adoption of an electronic health record has the greatest potential to reform the way in which care transitions are accomplished. National efforts to standardize content for care transitions via electronic health records have already started. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, has drafted the “Consultations & Transfers of Care Draft Detailed Use Case” that includes recommendations for electronic content under different assumptions (perspectives of the receiving physician, transferring physician, patient, etc.)7. The use cases provide a basis for forming national standards for health information technology solutions to address care transitions.
Unfortunately, these and other national efforts will go to waste if only a select few have the necessary technology to facilitate effective care transitions. The current consensus statement states that improvements in care transitions should not be contingent upon an electronic health record. However, those areas with regional health information organizations (RHIO) and a high adoption of electronic health records can implement these recommendations via interoperable technology solutions, while those organizations and regions without the technology will continue to languish. Given the current investment in electronic health records through American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for meaningful use of electronic health records, the time is now to advocate for adoption of electronic health records functionality and interoperability as a tool to improve care transitions.
REDUCE LOCAL SYSTEM AND CULTURAL BARRIERS TO CARE TRANSITIONS
Successful adoption of these recommendations depends on local implementation. Specifically, ensuring effective communication during care transitions depends on a culture and a system that support the bidirectional interactive communication endorsed by the policy statement. Even with an electronic health record, technology cannot substitute for the act of verbal communication8. Unfortunately, local barriers may impede interactive clinician communication during care transitions. At the University of Chicago, we have discovered specific cultural and system barriers that may prevent residents from contacting primary care physicians during a patient’s hospitalization. In addition to lack of time, workload, and competing responsibilities, residents report resorting to GoogleTM to locate contact information for off-site physicians because it is not available in any system. Residents also report fear that contacting primary care physicians will delay discharge due to additional tests that the primary care physician will request9. Implementing broad policy mandates for communication during care transitions without addressing local barriers like these will undoubtedly fail. Such action may even acutely worsen care transitions through promotion of “workarounds,” or shortcuts that can bypass barriers that do not address the root of the problem10. For example, if it is too difficult or time-consuming to prepare and update the necessary record for a care transition, clinicians may use outdated information that is incorrect during a care transition11. In many hospitals, the chart or clinical data repository requires the name of a physician for a patient to be admitted. Unfortunately, this is often the “admitting physician” and may never be updated with the actual physician responsible for a particular patient12. A technology solution may actually hasten the use of the incorrect attending instead of the actual physician caring for a patient. This example highlights the need to ensure that information in the medical record during a care transition truly reflects the care process.
Frontline physicians are also looking for tools to use during care transitions13. Recently, ensuring effective communication during inter-hospital transfers emerged as a pressing need at the University of Chicago. With the Transitions of Care Policy Statement as a broad guide, our residents needed a point of care tool to obtain the necessary information when accepting transfer patients. Using the mnemonic “PREPARED” (See below), a checklist was introduced to help residents organize the information when receiving a transfer patient. Similar tools for discharge and other types of transitions have already been developed and are being used in the community. Active and faster dissemination of these tools to the medical community is needed so that organizations and practices can learn from experiences of others.
Be “PREPARED” for Transfers
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Presenting history
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Received therapies (meds, PRBC, nebs, etc)
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Existing baseline (current VS, cognitive status, Hgb, K etc.)
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Pending tests to follow up (cultures, final radiology reads, etc.)
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Anticipated needs (O 2 , access, tele, isolation, consultations)
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Records to be sent (Chart, radiology, EKG, echo, etc.)
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End of life preferences (Code status, POA or surrogate)
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Discussed with family & PCP? (and their contact info)
IMPLEMENT PATIENT-CENTERED SOLUTIONS FOR PATIENTS MOST AT RISK DURING CARE TRANSITIONS
For the most vulnerable patients—those who are most at risk during care transitions—the current recommendations do not go far enough. As noted in the Policy Statement, in the absence of major healthcare reform, ensuring appropriate transitional care for patients without a medical home is problematic. While the policy statement recommends that patients be informed about their provider during the care transition, this is very difficult to do in certain patient populations. Among our patient population of mostly low income older African-Americans with limited health literacy, less than 25% of hospitalized patients were able to correctly identify any inpatient physician in charge of their care14.
For these and other groups such as patients with limited-English proficiency, additional solutions to ensure patients understand their illness and their treatment plans during care transitions are needed. Since systems that truly embrace patient centeredness strive to address the needs of different patient populations, patient-friendly tools tailored to the needs of specific groups (cultural, language, etc.) are warranted. Two solutions that have resulted in improved patient outcomes after hospital discharge use coaches to guide patients through their care transition. For example, Dr. Eric Coleman’s Care Transitions Intervention employs a transitions coach who visits older patients prior to discharge and then calls patients afterwards 15. Likewise, investigators at Boston University are using an electronic coach, a friendly avatar named “Louise” to guide patients in their Project RED (Re-engineered discharge)16. In contrast to use of coaches for high risk patients, highly educated computer-savvy patients may readily embrace use of electronic personal health records to stay informed of critical information during care transitions. Given the heterogeneity of patient education, illness, resources, and preference, accounting for these differing needs via a “personalized” approach to care transitions is warranted.
DEVELOP AND USE VALID MEASURES OF QUALITY OF CARE TRANSITIONS
Measuring the quality of care transitions is easier said than done. Most process or outcome measures (readmission, patient awareness, medication adherence, etc) that may initially seem like reasonable measures of quality for a care transition are also subject to multiple patient confounders (patient illness, access to care, adherence, health literacy, etc.) In light of this, it is not surprising that recent data from six academic health centers shows that there was no relationship between patient outcomes and communication with the primary care physician regarding hospitalization17. Therefore, using patient reports of their experience during care transitions is a useful adjunct to the macroscopic outcomes. One such measure is the Care Transitions Measure-3, which asks patients about their ability to understand the purpose of their medications and their health needs18. These measures of patient experience should be integrated into nationally administered benchmarked patient surveys such as Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS)19. While the policy statement recommends using such measures for pay-for-performance programs, it is important to recognize that subjective reports of the patient experience may be influenced by patient education and health literacy. Therefore, further research is needed before adherence to such measures is linked to reimbursement.
In summary, the Transitions of Care Consensus Policy Statement represents an important starting point from which to improve care transitions. Now the hard work to implement these guidelines begins. It is only by tackling the “devil in the details” when improving care transitions that we can ultimately enjoy the “mom and apple pie” of improved continuity of care.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Julie Johnson, MSPH, PhD from the University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia, Anita Samarth from Clinovations, LLC, and Marshall Chin, MD, MPH, from the Section of General Medicine at the University of Chicago for their helpful insights and contributions.
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Arora, V.M. Tackling Care Transitions: Mom and Apple Pie vs. the Devil in the Details. J GEN INTERN MED 24, 985–987 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1021-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1021-x