Abstract
In this work, we study the January 1, 2020 – June 8, 2021, earthquake activity in the East Corinth Rift (central Greece), one of the most seismically active areas in Europe. During this period an intense earthquake sequence occurred in the Perachora peninsula, presenting the characteristics of swarm activity. We present a relocated earthquake catalogue for the area, derived with the double-difference algorithm, and study the spatiotemporal evolution of the 2020 Perachora peninsula earthquake sequence and the possible triggering mechanisms. The Perachora sequence presents distinct characteristics of earthquake migration along a N 103º E direction, as indicated by the Principal Component Analysis, from the east toward northwest and then west, with successive deepening of the events. This migration pattern is compatible with a pore-fluid pressure triggering front of hydraulic diffusivity of D = 2.8 m2/s and an average velocity of 0.22 km/day. In addition, the sequence presents sub-diffusion, with a diffusion exponent of 0.89 ± 0.06. The analysis, overall, indicates that the Perachora sequence was triggered at shallow depths by fluid overpressures, possibly generated by down-going fluxes of meteoric fluids, and then driven by pore-fluid pressure diffusion along the activated structures.
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Data availability
Catalogue and arrival-time data for the seismicity in the region of the Eastern Gulf of Corinth were acquired from the databases of the Seismological Laboratory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (SL-NKUA; www.geophysics.geol.uoa.gr/stations/gmapv3_db/index.php?lang=en, last accessed January 2022) and the Geodynamic Institute of the National Observatory of Athens (GI-NOA; https://bbnet.gein.noa.gr/HL/, last accessed January 2022). Focal mechanisms presented in maps and cross sections (Table 2 in Appendix) were collected from the databases of SL-NKUA, GI-NOA, the International Seismological Centre (http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/fmechanisms/, last accessed January 2022) and the European and Mediterranean Seismological Centre (https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/tensors.php, last accessed January 2022). Waveform recordings of HUSN stations, used for cross-correlation measurements, were acquired from the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) node hosted at GI-NOA (http://eida.gein.noa.gr/webdc3/; Evangelidis et al. 2021). Precipitation data for the Loutraki meteorological station were obtained from the Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development Research of NOA (http://meteosearch.meteo.gr/, last accessed January 2022).
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the Editor Ramon Zuñiga for their constructive comments that helped to improve the quality of this work. We would also like to thank the personnel of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network (HUSN; http://eida.gein.noa.gr/) who contributed to the installation, operation and maintenance of HUSN stations and the routine analysis of seismological data used in the current article. The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT 5) software was used to plot some of the maps (Wessel et al. 2013). All other figures were created with MATLAB®.
Funding
This study was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers” (Project Number: 00256).
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Edited by Prof. Ramon Zuñiga (CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF).
Appendix
Appendix
Comparison between the P-wave velocity model determined in this study (black) and other reference models for the region of the East Gulf of Corinth. Gray lines show the final models determined by the application of the VELEST procedure for initial models with random layer thicknesses based on the velocity profile of the Karakonstantis (2017) reference model
Determination of the VP/VS ratio using the Wadati (1933) method
Example of 15 recordings at the vertical component of station LTK from events that belong to a multiplet, filtered between 1 and 15 Hz. Each waveform is aligned to the one above, after cross-correlation in the window marked with a gray bracket (top), with XCmax the value of the cross-correlation maximum. The arrival times of the P- and S-waves on each waveform are marked with red and green vertical lines, respectively. Note the difference between events 7 and 8 (XCmax = 0.692) and the lower XCmax value of event 15 due to its apparently weaker signal to noise ratio
Example of a cross-correlation measurement between P-waves and S-waves of two similar earthquakes. The vertical recordings at station LTK are shown in panels a and b, for event 1 and 2, respectively, with red and green vertical lines indicating the P- and S-wave arrival, c cross-correlation of the P-waves in the vertical component, with cross-correlation maximum XCmax = XCP = 0.647 at a time-lag of dtP-0.110sec, d cross-correlation of the S-waves in a horizontal component, with cross-correlation maximum XCmax = XCS = 0.888 at a time-lag of dtS-0.030 sec. The dashed vertical black lines, marked with “1” and “2” in panels c and d show the arrival times of c P-waves and d S-waves, for the respective events 1 and 2, with the interval between them corresponding to c dtP and d dtS
(left) Residual plot between the observed frequency–magnitude distribution and the perfect fit of a power-law for each magnitude bin. The red dot indicates the magnitude of completeness (Mc) for 95% residuals. (right) Frequency–magnitude distribution, represented by the cumulative (squares) and the discrete (triangles) number of events. The solid line represents the Gutenberg-Richter relation for the parameter values shown in the top-right corner
Cross-sections of the relocated seismicity for the period January 2020–June 2021 in the region of the eastern Gulf of Corinth, along the profiles shown in the map on the top. Focal mechanisms are from significant events that have occurred between 2009 and 2020 (Table 2). The colors of epicenters and non-gray focal mechanisms correspond to the spatial groups presented in Fig. 4
Spatial distribution of the 2020 Perachora earthquake sequence (filled symbols), sized and colored according to magnitude and spatial group (see Fig. 4), respectively. The principal components derived with PCA define the principal axes of an ellipse (solid line) that includes at least 95% of all events. The arrows point to the direction of the principal semiaxes of the ellipse
Monthly accumulated rainfall at Loutraki meteorological station, for a period between December 2016 and November 2021 (according to data availability). The shaded area highlights the 5-months period (November 2019–April 2020) before the initiation of the Perachora earthquake sequence. All available precipitation data are presented to provide a context concerning the high rainfall season of 2019–2020
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Michas, G., Kapetanidis, V., Spingos, I. et al. The 2020 Perachora peninsula earthquake sequence (Εast Corinth Rift, Greece): spatiotemporal evolution and implications for the triggering mechanism. Acta Geophys. 70, 2581–2601 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00864-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00864-x