Abstract
This paper contains a simple and different pointview from the literature, in the best of my knowledge, to generalize well known results by Kadec (in \(\mathbb {R}\)) and Duffin and Eachus (in \(\mathbb C\)), concerning Riesz bases. Main goal of the present work is to overcome, at least partially, the limitations exhibited in the paper of Duffin and Eachus and in the book of Young for the Riesz bases. A consequence of the main theorem and its corollary is that the constant \(\frac{\log 2}{\pi }\) can be replaced by \(1/4\) (for complex \(\lambda _n\)).
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1 Introduction
It is known that exponential Riesz bases \(\{e^{i \lambda _n t}\}\) (with \(\lambda _n\in \mathbb R\)) are stable in the sense that a small perturbation of a Riesz basis produces a Riesz basis; it is proved by Paley and Wiener ([5, 9]). The proof of the Paley–Wiener theorem does not provide an explicit stability bound. The celebrated theorem by M. I. Kadec shows that \(1/4\) is the stability bound for the exponential basis on \(L^2[-\pi ,\pi ]\).
The proof of theorem, as reported in the Young’s textbook [9], applies for sequences of real numbers. Even earlier, however, Duffin and Eachus [2] shows that the Paley–Wiener criterion is satisfied whenever the sequences are complex and \(\frac{\log 2}{\pi }\) is a stability bound. For Young (page 38): “Whether the constant \(\frac{\log 2}{\pi }\) can be replaced by \(1/4\) (for complex \(\lambda _n\)) remains an unsolved problem.” With Theorem C and Theorem D on [2] they consider sets which are on the borderline of being near a given orthonormal set, while the last part of their paper gives a simple formula for constructing sets near a given orthonormal set. Afterward, Duffin and Eachus apply this result (Theorem D) to the sequence of functions \(\{e^{i\lambda _n x}\}\), where \(\{\lambda _n\}\), \(n=0,\pm 1, \pm 2,\ldots \) is a sequence of complex constants satisfying \(|\lambda _n-n|\le L\) for some constant L. The Duffin and Eachus’s approach is deeper and more general than one of Young; in fact their work speaks of orthonormal sets and not of basis. In their paper can be read the following: “The above results on the non-harmonic Fourier series are an extension of previous knowledge in two respects. In the first place, Paley and Wiener were forced to assume that \(\{\lambda _n\}\) was a real sequence. Secondly, they obtained the value \(1/\pi ^2\) where we have \(\ln 2/\pi \). The best value for L is not known; however a theorem of Levinson gives an upper limit of \(1/4\)”.
Theorem 1 seeks to overcome the limitations exhibited in the paper of Duffin and Eachus and in the book of Young for the Riesz basis, introducing a limitation on the imaginary part of \(\lambda _n\). A consequence of Theorem 1 and its corollary, is that the constant \(\frac{\log 2}{\pi }\) can be replaced by \(1/4\) (for complex \(\lambda _n\)).
Lastly, an example that shows \(1/4\) cannot be replaced by a larger constant for complex case, are given in the appendix. For the latest results on generalizations and extensions of Kadec’s theorem see: [1, 3, 6].
2 A class of sequences that improves the estimation of Duffin and Eachus
Theorem 1
If \(\{\bar{\lambda }_n\}=\{\lambda _n+i\mu _n\}\) is a sequence of complex numbers for which
and
then \(\{e^{i \bar{\lambda }_n t}\}\) satisfies the Paley–Wiener criterion and so forms a Riesz basis for \(L^2[-\pi ,\pi ]\).
Proof
It is to be shown that \(\left\| \sum _{n}^{+\infty } c_n \left( e^{i n t}-e^{i \bar{\lambda }_n t}\right) \right\| <1\) whenever \(\sum _n |c_n|^2\leqq 1\). Write
where \(\delta _n=\lambda _n-n\). This time again, the trick is to expand the function \(1-e^{i \delta t}\) (\(-\pi \le t\le \pi \)) in a Fourier series relative to the complete orthonormal system \(\left\{ 1,\cos nt, \sin \big (n-\frac{1}{2}\big )t\right\} _{n=1}^{\infty }\) and then exploit the fact that \(|\lambda _n - n|\) is not too large. Then the expansion of \(1-e^{i \delta t}\) is the same as the previous theorem. Let \(\{c_n\}\) be an arbitrary finite sequence of scalars such that \(\sum |c_n|^2\le 1\). By interchanging the order of summation, using triangle inequality and the notation introduced in the Kadec’s theorem on [9], it shows
From the assumptions of the theorem it is easily seen that \(\sup _n \left( e^{-\mu _n t}\right) \le e^{\tau \pi }\) and \(\sup _n \Big |1-e^{-\mu _n t}\Big |\le e^{\tau \pi }-1\) where \(\tau =\tau (L)\). Now by some estimates on fraction expansions proved in [3], it has that
It is observed that with arbitrary \(L<1/4\) and
is obtained \(\lambda <1\). \(\square \)
The following result shows that, in the hypotheses of the Theorem 1, it has \(\{e^{i \bar{\lambda }_n t}\}\) satisfies the Paley–Wiener criterion for \(|\bar{\lambda }_n-n|< 1/4\) even when \(\{\bar{\lambda }_n\}\) is a complex sequence.
Corollary 1
For each \(L<\frac{1}{4}\), one has
Proof
The proof of first relation (i) is trivial and is left to the reader. Noting that
relation (ii) is verified if \(\bar{x}-\ln \left( 1+\frac{\sin \bar{x}-\cos \bar{x}}{2}\right) \le \frac{\pi }{4}\) with \(\bar{x}=\pi L\). Let us consider the function \(f(\bar{x})\), defined as follow:
It comes to prove that the function \(f(\bar{x})-\bar{x}:=g(\bar{x})\) is convex. Rewrite the function \(g(\bar{x})\) using the relationship \((\sin \bar{x}-\cos \bar{x})/2=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin \left( \bar{x}-\frac{\pi }{4}\right) \) and so \(g(x)=-\ln \left( 1+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin x\right) \) for \(x=\bar{x}-\pi /4\). Bearing in mind that a function is convex if and only if it is midpoint convex, it must be demonstrated that \(2g\left( \frac{x+y}{2}\right) \le g(x)+g(y)\), and hence
where \(y=\bar{y}-\pi /4\). From properties of logarithms and by applying Prosthaphaeresis formulas, Werner formulas, and half-angle formulae, it has
Rewriting \(-\frac{x+y}{2}=\frac{\pi }{4}-\frac{\bar{x}-\bar{y}}{2}-\bar{y}\) \(\le \frac{\pi }{4}-t\) with \(t=\frac{\bar{x}-\bar{y}}{2}\in [0,\pi /4]\), it becomes \(\sqrt{2}\sin \left( \frac{\pi }{4}-t\right) \le \cos ^2 \frac{t}{2}\) , that is verified over \([0,\pi /4]\). Then \(f(x)\) is convex. Denoting with \(P_1(0,\ln 2)\), \(P_2(\pi /4,\pi /4)\) two points belonging to graphic of \(f(x)\) and from an obvious properties of convex functions: \(f(x)\le \frac{\pi -\ln 16}{\pi }x+\ln 2\) (the straight line for \(P_1, P_2\)), by the right side term that is less than \(\frac{\pi }{4}\) if \(x\le \frac{\pi }{4}\), it is concluded the claim.
3 Conclusions
Theorem 1 and Corollary 1 responding to the outstanding questions of Duffin, Eachus and Young, essentially because this paper shows that the constant \(\frac{\log 2}{\pi }\) can be replaced by \(1/4\), also for the complex case. Moreover, from Corollary 1, it has \(\{e^{i \bar{\lambda }_n t}\}\) satisfies the Paley–Wiener criterion for \(|\bar{\lambda }_n-n|< 1/4\) even when \(\{\bar{\lambda }_n\}\) is a complex sequence. Two lemmas present in appendix (an extension to complex case of result present on [9]) prove that Kadec’s \(1/4\)-theorem is “best possible”: the system \(\{e^{i \bar{\lambda }_n t}\}\) constitutes a basis for \(L^2[-\pi ,\pi ]\) whenever every \(\bar{\lambda }_n\) is complex and \(|\lambda _n-n|\leqq L\), \(|\mu _n|\leqq \tau (L)\) but not constitute a basis when \(L=1/4\). Equally interesting is the fact that \(\tau (L)\) is not specified in the proofs of Lemmas 1 and 2 and, into this proofs, it is not necessary that it assumes the logarithmic expression (2).
In Duffin and Eachus [2] one reads: “It is a curious parallelism that \(\log 2/\pi \) and \(1/4\) are in the same ratio as the limits of Takenaka and Schoenberg in a somewhat similar unsolved problem”. See: [7, 8]. In [8] is reported a particular case of one of Takenaka’s theorems [7]: “If every derivative of an integral function \(f(z)\) has a zero inside or on the unit circle and if \(\limsup _{r\rightarrow \infty }\frac{\log M(r)}{r}<\log 2\) then \(f(z)\) is a costant”. [\(M(r)\) is the maximum modulus in \(|z|\le r\) of function]. The author write that this condition is probably not “best possible”: \(\sin \frac{\pi }{4}z-\cos \frac{\pi }{4}z\) shows that \(\log 2\) cannot be replaced by any number larger than \(\pi /4\), and this may well be the true value. A possible development of the work would be compare proof of Kadec’s-\(1/4\) theorem (complex case) with question in [8].
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Prof. Antonio Avantaggiati for the precious discussions who helped me to write this paper.
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Communicated by Salvatore Rionero.
Appendix: \(L=1/4\) as best possible choice
Appendix: \(L=1/4\) as best possible choice
The two lemmas below follows by Young’s book just adapting to complex case in this paper. For the theory of entire function and the proof of Lemma 1, see respectively on the chapter 2 and on pages and 103–105 of Young’s book.
Lemma 1
If \(\lambda _n=n+\varepsilon +i\tau (\varepsilon )\) (\(n=1,2,3\ldots \)), where \(\varepsilon >-1\), and
then
Now, using the thesis of this lemma, is shown the next result.
Lemma 2
If
then, for \(\varepsilon \ge 1/4\), the system \(\{e^{i \lambda _n t}\}\) is not a Riesz basis for \(L^2[-\pi ,\pi ]\).
Proof
Suppose it were. Then the system of reproducing functions \(\{K_n(z)\}\), \(K_n(z)=\sin \pi (z-\lambda _n)/\pi (z-\lambda _n)\), would be a Riesz basis for Paley–Wiener space \(P\), since the Fourier transform is an isometry. Put
where \(F(z)=\prod _n \left( 1-z^2/\lambda _n^2\right) \). Then \(F_n(\lambda _k)=\delta _{nk}\), and \(F_n\) belongs to P. Accordingly, \(\{F_n(z)\}\) is biorthogonal to \(\{K_n(z)\}\) in P and so must also be a Riesz basis for P. In particular, the series
must converge in the topology of P, and hence pointwise, whenever \(\{c_n(z)\}\in L^2\). By the converse to Hölder’s inequality, this can happen only if
But by Lemma (1),
and Stirling’s formula,
shows that
for \(\varepsilon \ge 1/4\) and the contradiction proves the lemma.
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Vellucci, P. A simple pointview for Kadec-1/4 theorem in the complex case. Ricerche mat. 64, 87–92 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11587-014-0217-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11587-014-0217-5