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Thermal dynamic study of the gradual desolvation in submicropores for carbon-based supercapacitor at low temperature

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Abstract

When the supercapacitor (SC) adopts electrolyte with solvent, the desolvation mechanism in the charging process is helpful for the electrode material to adsorb more electrolyte ions and improve the capacitance. However, the desolvation effect is temperature dependent, and it is difficult to achieve at low temperature. In this work, we find that the existence of a large number of submicropores (0.7–2 nm) in activated carbon greatly improves the SC performance at − 40 °C. The capacitance retention ratio can reach up to 90% compared with the value at 25 °C. We reveal both experimentally and theoretically a “gradual desolvation mechanism” from the thermal dynamic perspective. The solvent molecules energetically prefer to be removed from the solvated ion step by step in the submicropore. At the same time, we also found that the functionalized carbon nanosponge materials (FCNSs) with most of the submicro- and mesopore structure deliver a high specific capacitance of 131 F g−1, the capacitance retention ratio at − 40 °C can be about 100% at increased current densities of 1–10 A g−1. Moreover, the FCNSs also show excellent cycling performance at − 40 °C with no capacitance fading over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1.

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Funding

We acknowledge funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51702131, 51774151) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Provence, China (Grant SBK2017041705). The industrial activated carbon materials were supplied by Ningbo Mushan Advanced Material Co., Ltd. This work was also supported by Institute of Green Materials and Metallurgy (Grant 5501670001, 5501670002)

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Author notes

  1. Jian-Chun Wu and Chao Liu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China

    Jian-Chun Wu, Chao Liu, Haitao Zhou, Menghao Liu, Dong Zhang, Chongchen Yu, Hongquan Gao & Jianhong Yang

  2. Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China

    Jian-Chun Wu

  3. Ningbo Mushan Advanced Material Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315033, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

    Xin Zhang

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  1. Jian-Chun Wu
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Dr. Jianchun Wu and Chao Liu contributed equally to this work.

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Correspondence to Haitao Zhou or Hongquan Gao.

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Wu, JC., Liu, C., Zhou, H. et al. Thermal dynamic study of the gradual desolvation in submicropores for carbon-based supercapacitor at low temperature. Ionics 26, 4695–4704 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03575-9

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