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Sol–gel synthesis of manganese oxide supercapacitor from manganese recycled from spent Zn–MnO2 batteries using organic acid as a leaching agent

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Abstract

In this study, manganese recycled from cathodes of spent Zn–MnO2 batteries was used for the sol–gel synthesis of a manganese oxide pseudocapacitor with high specific capacitance. The recycled material is a mixture of α-MnO2, Mn3O4, and ZnMn2O4, according to X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, Raman spectra, and chemical analysis. Manganese oxide has smaller particle size when synthesized at 700 °C for 3 h (M1) than when synthesized at 700 °C for 12 h (M2), as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and transmission energy microscopy. The specific capacitances of M1 and M2 after 1000 cyclic voltammetry cycles at 50 mV s−1 are 350 F g−1 and 125 F g−1, respectively. After 500 galvanostatic cycles at 1.0 A g−1, M1 and M2 exhibit specific capacitances of 275 F g−1 and 150 F g−1, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectra revealed that M1 has lower charge transfer resistance and diffusion resistance than M2.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank CAPES, NCQP-UFES, FAPES, and CNPq for their financial support; IFES/Aracruz and LPT/LMC for the XRD, SEM/EDX, and BET analyses; and LUCCAR for the TEM analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Espírito Santo, Aracruz, ES, 29192-733, Brazil

    P. V. M. Dixini & B. B. Carvalho

  2. Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Electroanalytics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil

    P. V. M. Dixini, G. R. Gonçalves, V. C. B. Pegoretti & M. B. J. G. Freitas

Authors
  1. P. V. M. Dixini
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  2. B. B. Carvalho
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  3. G. R. Gonçalves
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  4. V. C. B. Pegoretti
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  5. M. B. J. G. Freitas
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Correspondence to M. B. J. G. Freitas.

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Dixini, P.V.M., Carvalho, B.B., Gonçalves, G.R. et al. Sol–gel synthesis of manganese oxide supercapacitor from manganese recycled from spent Zn–MnO2 batteries using organic acid as a leaching agent. Ionics 25, 4381–4392 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02995-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02995-6

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