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Das Unbehagen an der Ordinalisierung

Ordinality and its Discontents

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Zusammenfassung

Es gibt eine breite Literatur, die die Auseinandersetzungen untersucht, die in vielen institutionellen Kontexten über den Inhalt und Einsatz von Kategorien geführt werden. Demgegenüber argumentieren wir, dass nicht nur die Art der Kategorien umstritten ist, sondern auch die ihnen zugrundeliegenden Klassifikationsprinzipien. Im Anschluss an Fourcade (2016) identifizieren wir drei solcher Klassifikationsprinzipien: nominale Typologien, kardinale Zählungen und ordinale Rankings. Unsere These ist, dass die gegenwärtigen Gesellschaften durch eine Logik der Ordinalisierung gekennzeichnet sind. Ausdruck dieser Ordinalisierung sind die zunehmende Fluidität von Identitäten, die verbreitete Verwendung von Verfahren der Risikoeinschätzung und eine wachsende politische Polarisierung entlang einer einzigen Dimension, der links/rechts-Achse. Dieser Prozess verläuft jedoch ungleichförmig und ist auch umstritten. Die weiterhin bestehende Bedeutung nominal unterschiedener Gruppen („race“ ist dafür das herausragende Beispiel), der Widerstand, der sich gegen eine um sich greifende Kommensurierung formiert, und eine populistische „kardinale Revolte“, die numerische Mehrheiten zum alleinigen Maßstab für politische Legitimität erklärt, repräsentieren unterschiedliche und mehr oder weniger explizite Formen des Unbehagens an einer zunehmend ordinalisierten Moderne. Unser Zugang liefert einen theoretischen Rahmen, der es erlaubt, den gesellschaftlichen Wandel wie auch Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern in Termini der Klassen von Klassifikationen zu erfassen, die Gesellschaften in Bewegung setzen.

Abstract

Although a rich literature examines struggles between social actors about the content and deployment of categories across institutional domains, we argue that there are also conflicts about underlying metalevel principles of how to carry out the classification process. Following Fourcade (2016), we identify three such principles: nominal typologies, cardinal counts, and ordinal rankings. We argue that contemporary societies are marked by a general logic of “ordinalization” as identities become more fluid, actuarial methods generalize widely, and politics is polarized on a single left–right axis. This process is uneven and contested, however. The continued relevance of nominal groupings (race is a prime example), social resistance against commensuration, and a populist “cardinal revolt” that celebrates the legitimacy of simple numerical majorities represent different, and more or less explicit, forms of discontent with the progress of an ordinalized modernity. Approaching classification in this way provides a framework for characterizing social change and cross-national differences in terms of the classes of classifications that societies set in motion.

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Notes

  1. Für das Ranking von juristischen Fakultäten siehe Espeland und Sauder (2007), für das Scoring im Baseball Phillips (2019), für Wein Fourcade (2012) und für Depressionen Horwitz (2001) oder Schnittker (2017).

  2. Für eine weitergehende Diskussion siehe Fourcade (2016).

  3. Wie Polanyi (2001) gezeigt hat, löste diese Kardinalisierung eine Gegenbewegung gegen die Kommodifizierung aus.

  4. Auch in anderen Bereichen ist man in Frankreich offensichtlich weniger gewillt, die Blackbox der Expertenurteile zu öffnen: In einer Richtlinie für Psychiater zur Identifikation gefährlicher Patienten warnte das französische Gesundheitsministerium kürzlich davor, „gewisse Skalen zur Vorhersage von Gefährlichkeit“ aus dem anglo-amerikanischen Kontext zu übernehmen (Direction générale de la santé 2012, S. 15).

  5. Arthur Stinchcombe machte 1967 in seinem Klassiker Constructing Social Theories nebenbei die Bemerkung, dass „depressive disorders … account for a relatively small part of mental disease and thus do not affect the overall rates [of mental illness] very much“. Schizophrenie, die nur 1 % der Bevölkerung betrifft, „accounts for the bulk of the variation in overall mental disease rates“ (Stinchcombe 1987, S. 26). Es ist kaum vorstellbar, dass eine solche Behauptung heute noch aufgestellt würde, da nach den offiziellen Kriterien für Depression rund 20 % der Amerikanerinnen und Amerikaner mindestens einmal während ihres Lebens davon betroffen sind (Kessler und Bromet 2013).

  6. Dieser Begriff ist eine Paraphrase von Erving Goffmans (1972) Begriff der „Scheinnormalität“.

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Correspondence to Alex V. Barnard.

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Der Beitrag orientiert sich in Struktur und Inhalt an Fourcade (2016).

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Martin Bühler und Bettina Heintz

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Barnard, A.V., Fourcade, M. Das Unbehagen an der Ordinalisierung. Köln Z Soziol 73 (Suppl 1), 113–135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-021-00743-1

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