Skip to main content
Log in

Compositional or Contextual Effects? Neighbourhoods and Teenage Parenthood in Stockholm, Sweden

Nachbarschaften und Teenager-Mütter in Stockholm, Schweden

  • Published:
KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Selection bias constitutes a major problem in neighbourhood effect research but perhaps especially so for studies of effects on teenage birth rates. Results from both the U.S. and Europe are highly inconsistent: where some find substantial effects and others no effects. This inconsistency in combination with the clear correlations between neighbourhood environment and teenage birth rates where teenage mothers and mothers-to-be are overrepresented in low SES neighbourhoods makes it unclear if and to what extent neighbourhoods exerts a causal influence on teenage birth rates or whether correlations are mere reflections of differences in choices on the housing markets. This study adds to the (mainly American and British) body of literature on neighbourhood effects on teenage birth but focuses on a context—Stockholm, Sweden—where teenage birth rates are substantially lower. It offers a discussion on the potential impacts of selection bias on estimates of neighbourhood effects on teenage birth rates and empirically tests the existence of such neighbourhood effects. To account for selection bias I use a random effects model with a Mundlak correction (a hybrid model), a model that corrects for selection similarly to a fixed-effects model but also allows the inclusion of fixed parameters. The hybrid model produces coefficients that are substantially smaller compared to an OLS model that does not control for selection; selection thus biases results upwards. The neighbourhood effects estimated by the hybrid model are so small that they can be ignored.

Zusammenfassung

Der selection bias stellt ein wesentliches Problem in den Forschungen zu Nachbarschaftseffekten dar und wahrscheinlich insbesondere in Studien über Geburtenraten von Teenagern. Die Ergebnisse aus den USA und Europa sind sehr widersprüchlich; einige Studien finden substanzielle Effekte, während andere keine finden. Diese Inkonsistenz, zusammen mit der nachgewiesenen Beziehung zwischen Nachbarschaft und den Geburtenraten von Teenagern, in denen die Teenager-Mütter und werdenden Mütter in Nachbarschaften mit einem niedrigen sozialen Status überrepräsentiert sind, führt zu der Unklarheit, ob und in welchem Ausmaß eine kausale Beziehung zwischen Nachbarschaft und den Geburtenraten von Teenagern bestehen – oder aber ob diese Korrelation nur unterschiedliche Wohnstandortwahlen auf dem Wohnungsmarkt darstellen. Diese Studie trägt zu den vorliegenden, vorwiegend amerikanischen und britischen Studien bei. Sie konzentriert sich auf einen Kontext, Stockholm, Schweden, wo die Geburtenraten von Teenagern erheblich niedriger sind. In dem Artikel werden die möglichen Effekte des selection bias auf Schätzungen der Nachbarschaftseffekte auf die Geburtenraten untersucht und ferner empirisch getestet, ob derartige Nachbarschaftseffekte bestehen. Um den selection bias zu untersuchen, verwende ich ein Random-Effects-Modell mit einer Mundlak Correction, ein hybrides Modell, das die Auswahl ähnlich wie ein Fixed-Effects-Modell korrigiert, aber zugleich gestattet, feste Parameter einzubeziehen. Das hybride Modell führt auf Koeffizienten, die erheblich kleiner sind im Vergleich zu einem OLS-Modell, welches nicht den selection bias korrigiert; die Auswahl verzerrt die Ergebnisse daher nach oben. Die mit den hybriden Modellen geschätzten Nachbarschaftseffekte sind so gering, dass sie nicht bedeutsam sind.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A teenage birth rate of 40 per 1000 means that out of 1,000 teenage girls, 40 give birth.

  2. It should however be noted that scholars have found that religious faith has a negative effect on teenage childbearing (Haveman et al. 1997).

  3. Endogeneity bias arises as a consequence of mutual causality. For example, the outcome in a neighbourhood effect model, e.g. the likelihood of giving birth, may also affect residential location, which in turn affects the outcome. See Hedman and Galster (2013).

  4. Results from the fixed effects model are available from the author upon request.

  5. 142 Swedes became parents at age 15 or below during years 2002–2010. Of these were 75 men and 67 women (Statistics Sweden).

  6. The Stockholm metropolitan region includes the municipalities of Stockholm and Solna, along with municipalities of the Stockholm labour market region which are areas where the majority of the commuting flow is into either Stockholm or Solna.

  7. The models are however run also for a neighbourhood variable that only includes girls/mothers with similar but slightly lower coefficients.

References

  • Arai, Lisa. 2007. Peer and neighbourhood influences on teenage pregnancy and fertility: Qualitative findings from research in English communities. Health & Place 13:87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, Jennifer S. 2001. The intergenerational transmission of age at first birth among married and unmarried men and women. Social Science Research 30:219–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Greg Duncan, Pamela Klebanov, and Naomi Sealand. 1993. Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development? American Journal of Sociology 99:353–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Greg Duncan, and Lawrence Aber (eds.). 1997. Neighbourhood poverty. Vol. 1: Context and consequences for children. New York: Russell Sage.

  • Brown, Lawrence A., and Eric G. Moore. 1970. The intra-urban migration process: A perspective. Geografiska Annaler B 52:1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, Christopher R., Tama Leventhal, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2004. Neighborhood context and racial differences in early sexual activity. Demography 41:697–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, William A. V., and Frans M. Dieleman. 1996. Households and housing. Choice and outcomes in the housing market. New Brunswick: Rutgers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coley, Rebecca L., and Lindsay Chase-Lansdale.1998. Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood: Recent evidence and future directions. American Psychologist 53:152–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, Claire A., and Brian M. D’Onofrio. 2012. Some (but not much) progress toward understanding teenage childbearing: A review of research from the past decade. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 42:113–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, Jonathan. 1991. The epidemic theory of ghettos and neighborhood effects on dropping out and teenage childbearing. American Journal of Sociology 96:1226–1259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Addio, Anna Cristina. 2007. Intergenerational transmission of disadvantage: Mobility or immobility across generations. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 52 OECD Publishing.

  • Danielsson, Maria, Christina Rogala, and Kajsa Sundström. 2001. Teenage sexual and reproductive behavior in developed countries. Country report from Sweden. Occasional Report No 7. New York: The Alan Guttmacher Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, Greg J., James P. Connell, and Pamela K. Klebanov. 1997. Conceptual and methodological issues in estimating causal effects of neighborhoods and family conditions on individual development. In Neighborhood Poverty: Vol. 1 Context and Consequences for Children, eds. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Greg J. Duncan, 219–250. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francesconi, Marco. 2008. Adult outcomes for children of teenage mothers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 110:93–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, Urban, Gunnar Rosenqvist, and Bengt Turner. 2002. Hushållens värderingar av egenskaper I bostäder och bostadsområden. Research Report 2002:1. Uppsala: Uppsala University: Institute for Housing and Urban Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galster, George. 2008. Quantifying the effect of neighbourhood on individuals: Challenges, alternative approaches and promising directions. Journal of Applied Social Science Studies. Schmollers Jahrbuch 128:7–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galster, George, and Lina Hedman. 2013. Measuring neighbourhood effects non-experimentally: How much do alternative methods matter? Housing Studies 28:473–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galster, George, and Anna Santiago. 2013. Evaluating the potential of a natural experiment in Denver to provide unbiased evidence of neighborhood effects. Working paper. Detroit: Wayne State University, Department of Urban studies and Planning.

  • Galster, George, Dave Marcotte, Marv Mandell, Hal Wolman, and Nancy Augustine. 2007. The influence of neighborhood poverty during childhood on fertility, education and earnings outcomes. Housing Studies 22:723–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gennetian, Lisa A., Lisa Sanbonmatsu, and Jens Ludwig. 2011. An overview of moving to opportunity: A random assignment housing mobility study in five U.S. cities. In Neighborhood and life chances. How place matters in modern America (chapter 10), eds. Harriet B. Newburger, Eugenie L. Birch, and Susan M. Watcher. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, Steve. 2002. Neighbourhood effects on educational achievement: Evidence from the census and national child development study. London: London School of Economics, Center for Economics of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginther, Donna, Robert Haveman, and Barbara Wolfe. 2000. Neighborhood attributes as determinants of children’s outcomes: How robust are the relationships? Journal of Human Resources 35:603–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ham, Maarten, and David Manley. 2010. The effect of neighbourhood housing tenure mix on labour market outcomes: A longitudinal investigation of neighbourhood effects. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 24:407–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ham, Maarten, and David Manley. 2012. Neighbourhood effects research at a crossroads. Ten challenges for future research. Environment and Planning A 44:2787–2793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, David J. 2003. Counterfactual models of neighborhood effects: The effect of neighbourhood poverty on dropping out and teenage pregnancy. American Journal of Sociology 109:676–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haveman, Robert, Barbara Wolfe, Elaine Peterson, and Kathryn Wilson. 1997. Do teens make rational childbearing choices?: Family, neighborhood, and net benefit determinants of teen nonmarital childbearing. Discussion Paper no 1137–97. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedman, Lina, and George Galster. 2013. Neighbourhood income sorting and the effects of neighbourhood income mix on income. A holistic empirical exploration. Urban Studies 50:107–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedman, Lina, Maarten van Ham, and David Manley. 2011. Neighbourhood choice and neighbourhood reproduction. Environment and Planning A 43:1381–1399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedman, Lina, David Manley, Maarten van Ham, and J. Östh. 2012. Cumulative exposure to disadvantage and the intergenerational transmission of neighbourhood effects. IZA paper no 6794. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labour.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertfelt Wahn, Elisabeth, and Eva Nissen. 2008. Sociodemographic background, lifestyle and psychosocial conditions of Swedish teenage mothers and their perception of health and social support during pregnancy and childbirth. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 36:415–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, Christopher, and Susan E. Mayer. 1990. The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. In Inner-city poverty in the United States, eds. L. Lynn and M. McGeary, 111–186. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Kelvyn, and SV Subramanian. 2012. Developing multilevel models for analysing contextuality, heterogeneity and change Volume 2, 1–312. http://www.mendeley.com/profiles/kelvyn-jones/.(Accessed 26 Aug 2013).

  • Joshi, Heather. 1998. The opportunity costs of childbearing: More than mothers’ business. Journal of Population Economics 11:161–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, Ruth, and Dylan Kneale. 2010. Are there neighbourhood effects on teenage parenthood in the UK, and does it matter for policy? A review of theory and evidence. London: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, Christina S., Trace S. Kershaw, and Jeannette R. Ickovics. 2008. The intergenerational cycle of teenage motherhood: An ecological approach. Health Psychology 27:419–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mersky, Joshua P., and Arthur J. Reynolds. 2007. Predictors of early childbearing: Evidence from the Chicago longitudinal study. Children and Youth Services Review 29:35–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundlak, Yair. 1978. On the pooling of time series and cross sectional data. Econometrica 46:69–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oreopoulos, Philip. 2003. The long-run consequences of living in a poor neighborhood. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118:1533–1575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Propper, Carol, Kelvyn Jones, Anne Bolster, Simon Burgess, Ron Johnston, and Rebecca Sarker. 2004. Local neighbourhoods and mental health: Evidence from the UK. ESRC Research Methods Programme Working Paper No. 6. Bristol: University of Bristol.

  • Sari, Florent. 2012. Analysis of neighbourhood effects and work behaviour: Evidence from Paris. Housing Studies 27:45–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • South, Scott J., and Kyle D. Crowder. 1999. Neighborhood effects on family formation: Concentrated poverty and beyond. American Sociological Review 64:113–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • South, Scott J., and Eric P. Baumer. 2000. Deciphering community and race effects on adolescent premarital childbearing. Social Forces 78:1379–1408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • South, Scott J., and Kyle D. Crowder. 2010. Neighborhood poverty and nonmarital fertility: Spatial and temporal dimensions. Journal of Marriage and Family 72:89–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sucoff, Clea A., and Dawn M. Upchurch. 1998. Neighborhood context and the risk of childbearing among metropolitan-area black adolescents. American Sociological Review 63:571–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, Brooke, and Sako Musterd. 2011. Examining neighbourhood and school effects simultaneously what does the Dutch evidence show? Urban Studies 48:1307–1331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tienda, Marta. 1991. Poor people and poor places: Deciphering neighborhood effects on poverty outcomes. In Macro–micro linkages in sociology, ed. Joan Huber, 244–262. Newburgh Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, Terence P., Carolyn A. Smith, and Gregory J. Howard. 1997. Risk factors for teenage fatherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family 59:505–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wodtke, Geoffrey T. 2013. Duration and timing of exposure to neighborhood poverty and the risk of adolescent parenthood. Demography 50:1765–1788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lina Hedman.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of variables in hybrid model as measured at time t-1

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hedman, L. Compositional or Contextual Effects? Neighbourhoods and Teenage Parenthood in Stockholm, Sweden. Köln Z Soziol 66 (Suppl 1), 67–90 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-014-0270-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-014-0270-9

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation