Skip to main content
Log in

Managerial Willingness to Assume Traveling, Short-term and Long-term Global Assignments

  • Published:
Management International Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

  • Drawing on reasoned action and family systems theories, as well as the domestic and international job transfer and relocation, global assignments, personality and work-life balance research domains, this study examines managers’ willingness to assume global assignments.

  • We propose a multi-factor model and test several hypotheses using survey data collected from 431 global managers and 162 spouses/significant others that examine the degree to which individual, family, and organizational variables influence managerial willingness to accept not only the more traditional multi-year, but also the increasingly common traveling and short-term global assignments.

  • Results suggest that individual (adventurousness and destination country), family (eldercare, children at home, community tenure, and spouse/significant other relocation willingness), and organizational (compensatory rewards/benefits and career fit) factors influence managerial willingness to assume global assignments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In response to one of the reviewer’s suggestions to test the logic of the current model’s variable ordering, the authors conducted regression analyses on all other possible variable orderings (i.e., all variables entered at once, family-individual-organizational, family-organizational-individual, organizational-family-individual, and organizational-individual-family). There were no notable differences in the results of these alternative models.

References

  • Ajzen, I., The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 2, 1991, pp. 179–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I./Fishbein, M., Attitude-Behavior Relations: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research, Psychological Bulletin, 84, 5, 1977, pp. 888–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I./Fishbein, M., Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J., DaimlerChrysler’s Transfer Woes: Workers Resist Moves Abroad and Here, The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 1999, p. B1.

  • Bentler, P. M., EQS: Structural Equations Program Manual, Encino, California: Multivariate Software Inc. 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M./Bonnett, D. G., Significance Tests and Goodness-of-fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures, Psychological Bulletin, 88, 3, 1980, pp. 588–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, M., March 9,2006, Dramatic Changes in U.S. Aging Highlighted in New Census, National Institutes of Health Report: U.S. Census Bureau News, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C..

  • Black, J. S./Stephens, G., The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments, Journal of Management, 15, 4, 1989, pp. 529–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S. et al., Globalizing People through International Assignments, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S./Mendenhall, M., The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework, Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 2, 1991, pp. 225–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borstorff, P. C., Willingness to Accept Expatriate Work Assignments: Affective and Calculative Components and Their Antecedents, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Auburn, Alabama: Auburn University 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. M., Job Transfer and Well-being, Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 4, 1982, pp. 450–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. M./Reilly, A. H., On the Road Again: Predicting the Job Transfer Decision, Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 4, 1988, pp. 614–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. M./Stroh, L. K., Willingness to Relocate Internationally, Human Resource Management, 34, 3, 1995, pp. 405–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. M./Stroh, L. K./Reilly, A. H., Job transfer, in Cooper, C. L./Robinson, I.T. (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Chichester: John Wiley & Sons 1992, pp. 323–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. M./Stroh, L. K./Reilly, A. H., Pulling Up Roots in the 1990s: Who’s Willing to Relocate? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 1, 1993, pp. 49–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, D. R./Schuler R. S., International Human Resource Management, 2nd ed., London: Rutledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M., Structural Equation Modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M., One Application of Structural Equation Modeling from Two Perspectives: Exploring the EQS and Lisrel Strategies, in R. Hoyle (ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage 1995, pp.138–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caligiuri, P. M. et al., Testing a Theoretical Model for Examining the Relationship between Family Adjustment and Expatriates’ Work Adjustment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 4, 1998, pp. 598–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D./Fiske, D., Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-multimethod Matrix, Psychological Bulletin, 56, 2, 1959, pp. 81–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. A./Sanders, W. G./Gregersen, H. B., Bundling Human Capital with Organizational Context: The Impact of International Assignment Experience on Multinational Firm Performance and CEO Pay, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 3, 2001, pp. 493–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T./McCrae, R. R., Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-factor Inventory , Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFrank, R. S./Konopaske, R./Ivancevich, J. M., Executive Travel Stress: Perils of the Road Warrior, Academy of Management Executive, 14, 2, 2000, pp. 58–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillman, D. A., Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, P. J./Welch, D. E., International Human Resource Management: Managing People in a Multinational Context, 4th ed., Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Employee Relocation Council. The Effect of Job Transfer on Employees and Their Families, Brett, J. M./Werbel, J. D.: Washington D.C. July, 1980.

  • Employee Relocation Council. Impact of Societal Shifts and Corporate Changes on Employee Relocation, Brett, J. M./Stroh, L. K./Reilly, A. H.: Washington D.C. July, 1990.

  • Feldman, D. C./Thomas, D. C., Career Management Issues Facing Expatriates, Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 2, 1992, pp. 271–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M./Ajzen, I., Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research . Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. M., Increase in Female Expatriates Raises Dual-Career Concerns, Benefits and Compensation International, 32, 1, 2002, pp. 73–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J., E-mail, Cellphones and Frequent-flier Miles Let ‘Virtual’ Expats Work Abroad but Live at Home, The Wall Street Journal, October 25, 1999, p. A26.

  • GMAC, Global Relocation Trends 2003 / 2004 Survey Report, http://www.gmacglobalrelocation.com/ insight_support/grts/2003-04_GRTS.pdf 2004.

  • Goldberg, L. R., The Development of Markers for the Big-Five Factor Structure, Psychological Assessment, 4, 1, 1992, pp. 26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mejia, L. R./Balkin, D. B., Determinants of Managerial Satisfaction with the Expatriation and Repatriation Process, Journal of Management Development, 6, 1, 1987, pp. 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S./Penley, L. E., A Study of the Correlates of Willingness to Relocate, Academy of Management Journal, 28, 2, 1985, pp. 472–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handler, C. A./Lane, I. M./Maher, M., Career Planning and Expatriate Couples, Human Resource Management Journal, 7, 3, 1997, pp. 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, H./Petrovic, J./Brewster, C., New Forms of International Working: The Panacea to Expatriation Ills? Paper presented at the International Human Resource Management Conference, Barcelona. Retrieved March 21, 2007, from http://www.som.cranfield.ac.uk/som/research/centres/creme/downloads/cronermay2000.doc 2001.

  • Harvey, M. G., Repatriation of Corporate Executives: An Empirical Study, Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 1, 1989, pp. 131–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M. G., Addressing the Dual-Career Expatriate Dilemma, Human Resource Planning: 19, 4, 1996, pp. 18–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M. G./Buckley, M. R., The Process for Developing an International Program for Dual-career Couples, Human Resource Management Review, 8, 1, 1998, pp. 99–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T./Bentler, P. M., Evaluating Model Fit, in Hoyle, R. (ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage 1995, pp. 76–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge, T. A./Thoresen, C. J./Pucik, V./Welbourne, T. M., Managerial Coping with Organizational Change: A Dispositional Perspective, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 1, 1999, pp. 107–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, R. M., World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy, New York: Simon and Schuster 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konopaske, R./Robie, C./Ivancevich, J. M., A Preliminary Model of Spouse Influence on Managerial Global Assignment Willingness, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 3, 2005, pp. 405–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konopaske, R./Werner, S., US Managers’ Willingness to Accept a Global Assignment: Do Expatriate Benefits and Assignment Length Make a Difference? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 7, 2005, pp. 1159–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korn/Ferry International, A Study of the Repatriation of the American International Executive, New York 1981.

  • Landau, J. C./Shamir, B./Arthur, M. B., Predictors of Willingness to Relocate for Managerial and Professional Employees, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 7, 1992, pp. 667–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarova, M. B./Cerdin, J.-L., Revisiting Repatriation Concerns: Organizational Support versus Career and Contextual Influences, Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 3, 2007, pp. 404–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, V. M./Sasaki, M., Japan and the United States Struggle with Who Will Care for Our Aging Parents When Caregivers Are Employed, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 24, 1, 1995, pp. 97–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C./Green, R. T., Cross-cultural Examination of the Fishbein Behavioral Intentions Models, Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 2, 1991, pp. 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, W. T./Pleck, J. H., Sex and Willingness to Move for Occupational Advancement: Some National Sample Results, Sociological Quarterly, 27, 1, 1986, pp. 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, M. N., Hiring Just-in-time Global Managers, International Update of the Institute for International Human Resources, 3, June 1999 pp. 1–3.

  • Mayerhofer, H. et al., Flexpatriate Assignments: A Neglected Issue in Global Staffing, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 8, 2004, pp. 1371–1392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, M./Dunbar, E./Oddou, G., Expatriate Selection, Training, and Career-planning: A Review and Critique, Human Resource Management, 26, 3, 1987, pp. 331–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milkovich, G. T./Newman, J. M., Compensation, 8 th ed., Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin, S., Families and Family Therapy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, E., A Conceptual Model of Expatriate Turnover, Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 3, 1992, pp. 449–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noe, R. A./Barber, A. E., Willingness to Accept Mobility Opportunities: Destination Makes a Difference, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 2, 1993, pp. 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noe, R. A./Steffy, B. D./Barber, A. E., An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Employees’ Willingness to Accept Mobility Opportunities. Personnel Psychology, 41, 3, 1988, pp. 559–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oddou, G./Mendenhall, M. E./Ritchie, B., Leveraging Travel as a Tool for Global Leadership Development, Human Resource Management, 39, 2, 2000, pp. 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M./Organ, D. W., Self-reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects, Journal of Management, 12, 4, 1986, pp. 531–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M./MacKenzie, S. B./Lee, J.-Y./Podsakoff, N. P., Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 5, 2003, pp. 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. International Assignments European Policy and Practices, McErlain, A. 1999.

  • Quelch, J. A./Bloom, H., Ten Steps to a Global Human Resource Strategy, Strategy and Business, 14, 1999, pp. 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D. M., Taking Stock: Can the Theory of Reasoned Action Explain Unethical Conduct? Journal of Business Ethics, 8, 11, 1989, pp. 873–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, P. L./BeVier, A., Response Rates in HRM/OB Survey Research: Norms and Correlates, 1990–1994, Journal of Management, 24, 1, 1998, pp. 97–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, R. S./Rogovsky, N., Understanding Compensation Practice Variations Across Firms: The Impact of National Culture, Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 1, 1998, pp. 159–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scullion, H./Collings, D. G./Gunnigle, P., International Human Resource Management in the 21st Century: Emerging Themes and Contemporary Debates, Human Resource Management Journal, 17, 4, 2007, pp. 309–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, B. H./Hartwick, J./Warshaw, P. R., The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research, Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 3, 1988, pp. 325–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, C. M., Short-term Assignments and Other Solutions, Workforce, 4, 2, 1999, pp. 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, P./Brewster, C./Harris, H. Globalizing Human Resource Management, London: Routledge 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speare, A., Residential Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable in Residential Mobility, Demography, 11, 2, 1974, pp. 173–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G. M./McCall, M. W./Mahoney, J. D., Early Identification of International Executive Potential, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 1, 1997, pp. 6–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, D./Liden, R. C./Parsons, C. K., Transfer Decision Making: Different Decision Models Depending on the Transfer Condition? Working paper. Georgia Tech University 1989.

  • Sutton, S., Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: How well are we doing? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 15, 1998, pp. 1317–1338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G./Fidell, L. S., Using Multivariate Statistics, 3rd ed.,, New York: Harper Collins College Publishers 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahvanainen, M./Welch, D./Worm, V., Implications of Short-term International Assignments, European Management Journal, 23, 6, 2005, pp. 663–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, R. et al., An Integrative View of International Experience, Academy of Management Journal, 48, 1, 2005, pp. 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomason, S. J., An Empirical Analysis of How Repatriate and Spouse/Partner Perceptions and Attitudes about their New Lifestyle Relate to Several Repatriate Turnover Outcomes. Unpublished dissertation, Florida Atlantic University 2007.

  • Tung, R. L., Selection and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments, Columbia Journal of World Business, 16, 1, 1981, pp. 68–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L. Career Issues in International Assignments, Academy of Management Executive, 2, 3, 1988, pp. 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L., American Expatriates Abroad: From Neophytes to Cosmopolitans, Journal of World Business, 33, 2, 1998, pp. 125–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L./Miller, E. L., Managing in the 21st Century: The Need for Global Orientation, Management International Review, 30, 1, 1990, pp. 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Bureau of the Census, The Elderly Population , Washington, D.C.: F.B. Hobbs 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Velde, M. E. G./Bossink, C. J. H./Jansen, P. G. W., Gender Differences in the Determinants of the Willingness to Accept an International Assignment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 1, 2005, pp. 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, D. E., Globalisation of Staff Movements: Beyond Cultural Adjustment, Management International Review, 43, 2, 2003, pp. 149–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, L./Welch, D./Worm, V., The International Business Traveler: A Neglected but Strategic Human Resource, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 2, 2007, pp. 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windham International, National Foreign Trade Council, and Institute for International Human Resources - Society for Human Resource Management,1999, Global Relocation Trends 1999 Survey Report.

  • Zlotnik, H., United Nations Press Release POP/918: World population to increase by 2.6 billion over next 45 years, http://www.un.org/news/press/docs/2005/pop918.doc.htm 2005.

Download references

Acknowledgements:

We want to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their many insightful and constructive suggestions which have helped us to improve the paper substantially. Their commitment and assistance are very much appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Konopaske.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Konopaske, R., Robie, C. & Ivancevich, J. Managerial Willingness to Assume Traveling, Short-term and Long-term Global Assignments. Manag Int Rev 49, 359–387 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0147-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0147-8

Keywords

Navigation