Skip to main content
Log in

Critical perspectives on changes in educational leadership practice

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Education in China

Abstract

This paper examines a group of Chinese educational leaders’ leadership practice changes after undertaking a leadership development course offered by an Australian university in China. It presents their self-reported changes in leadership practice profiles and features selected vignettes. The study was primarily qualitative and interpretative, based on the interview responses of 20 participants. The findings showed that exposure to different perspectives appeared to expand participants’ views and equip them with a wider range of leadership strategies. Despite some observable differences in practices reported by participants from the three sectors (school, educational system, and university), there seemed to be more similarities than variance. The respondents were cautious about radical changes in leadership practice, reiterating that local contexts and cultures must be considered when accommodating Western educational ideas. The study suggests that participants’ self-reported changes in leadership practices resulted from mediation of contextual and cultural conditions rather than the direct transfer of Western ideas and practices into the Chinese context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. Paris, France: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunt, P., & Jones, M. L. (1997). Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa. Personnel Review, 26(1/2), 6–23. doi:10.1108/00483489710157760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, T., & Qiang, H. (2000). Leadership and culture in Chinese education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 20(2), 58–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J. (2002). Secondary school leadership: A study on the leadership role of secondary school principals in China with a reflection on that role in Australian principals (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M. (1995). Asian management systems: Chinese, Japanese and Korean styles of business. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. L. (2002). 我国加入WTO 对教育的影响及对策研究 [China’s entry into the WTO: The impact on education and policy implications]. 人民教育 [People’s Education], (3), 4–7.

  • Cheng, K. M. (1998). Can educational values be borrowed? Looking into cultural differences. Peabody Journal of Education, 73(2), 11–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child, J. (1994). Management in China during the age of reform. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diao, P. E. (Ed.). (2000). 教育文化学 [Educational Culture]. 南京, 中国: 江苏教育出版社 [Nanjing, China: Jiangsu Educational Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, J., & Liang, Y. L. (2005). 教育全球化的现实境遇与价值选择 [Conflicts and options of educational globalization]. 比较教育研究 [Comparative Education Review], 26(12), 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, D. M. (Ed.). (2002). 沟通与分享:中西教育管理领衔学者世纪汇谈 [Communication and sharing in educational administration: The dialogue between leading Chinese and Western scholars at the turn of the century]. 上海, 中国: 上海教育出版社 [Shanghai, China: Shanghai Educational Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, G. (1995). Changing lecturers’ conceptions of teaching and learning through action research. In A. Brew (Ed.), Directions in staff development (pp. 21–35). Buckingham, England: SRHE and Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. D. (2002). Conceptualising leadership with respect to its historical-contexual antecedents to power. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(2), 151–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow, L., & Kember, D. (1993). Conceptions of teaching and their relationship to student learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63(1), 20–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow, L., Kember, D., & Sivan, A. (1992). Lecturers’ views of their teaching practices: Implications for staff development needs. Higher Education Research and Development, 11(2), 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gronn, P. (2001). Commentary: Crossing the great divides: Problems of cultural diffusion for leadership in education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4(4), 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J. X. (2009). Transnational education: Current developments and policy implications. Frontiers of Education in China, 4(4), 624–649. doi:10.1007/s11516-009-0033-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, M. Y. (2006). An analysis of the impact of traditional Chinese culture on Chinese education. Frontiers of Education in China, 1(2), 169–190. doi:10.1007/s11516-006-0001-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, M. Y. (2010). A blueprint for educational development in China: A review of “The national guidelines for medium- and long-term educational reform and development (2010–2020).” Frontiers of Education in China, 5(3), 291–309. doi:10.1007/s11516-010-0101-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger, P., & Leithwood, K. (1996). Culture and educational administration: A case of finding out what you don’t know you don’t know. Journal of Educational Administration, 34(5), 98–116. doi:10.1108/09578239610148296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyward, M. (2002). From international to intercultural: Redefining the international school for a globalized world. Journal of Research in International Education, 1(1), 9–32. doi:10.1177/147524090211002

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, I. (2007). A pedagogy for international education. In R. Maclean (Ed.), Learning and teaching for the twenty-first century: Festschrift for Professor Phillip Hughes (pp. 35–55). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, A. S. P. (2001). A conceptual change approach to university staff development. In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.), Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives (pp. 239–254). Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, Comparative Education Research Centre and Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. (2008). Regulation and practice of transnational higher education in China. In L. Dunn & M. Wallace (Eds.), Teaching in transnational higher education: Enhancing learning for offshore international students (pp. 23–33). London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., & Alexiadou, N. (2001, September). Travelling policy/local spaces. Paper presented at the Congrès Marx. International 111, Paris, France.

  • Kirkbride, P. S., Tang, S. F. Y., & Westwood, R. I. (1991). Chinese conflict preferences and negotiating behaviours: cultural and psychological influences. Organisation Studies, 12(3), 365–386. doi:10.1177/017084069101200302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, J. (2005). Borderless, offshore, transnational and cross-border education: Definition and data dilemmas. London, England: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, J. (2006). IAU 2005 internationalization survey: Preliminary findings report. Paris, France: International Association of Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, W., Chia, R. C., & Fang, L. (2000). Chinese implicit leadership theory. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(6), 729–739. doi:10.1080/00224540009600513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. K. (Ed.). (2002). 中国传统文化与教育 [Chinese traditional culture and education]. 长春, 中国: 东北师范大学出版社 [Changchun, China: Northeast Normal University Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography: Describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science, (10), 177–200.

  • Marton, F. (1986). Phenomography: A research approach to investigating different understandings of reality. Journal of Thought, 21(2), 28–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton, F. (1992). Phenomenography and “the art of teaching all things to all men.” Qualitative Studies in Education, 5(3), 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marton, F. (1994). Phenomenography. In T. Husen & T. N. Poslethaite (Eds.), The international encyclopaedia of education (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 4424–4429). London, England: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton, F., & Booth, S. A. (1997). Learning and awareness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozga, J. (2005). Modernizing the education workforce: A perspective from Scotland. Educational Review, 57(2), 207–219. doi:10.1080/0013191042000308378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punch, K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London, England: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radnor, A. H. (2001). Researching your professional practice: Doing interpretive research. Buckingham, England: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London, England: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York, NY: Walter De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribbins, P., & Gronn, P. (2000). Researching principals: Context and culture in the study of leadership in schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 20(2), 34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribbins, P., & Zhang, J. H. (2004). Headteachers in rural China: Aspects of ambition. International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice, 7(2), 127–146. doi:10.1080/1360312042000211437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribbins, P., & Zhang, J. H. (2006). Culture, societal culture and school leadership: A study of selected head teachers in rural China. International Studies in Educational Administration, 34(1), 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuelowicz, K., & Bain, J. (1992). Conceptions of teaching held by academic teachers. Higher Education, 24(1), 93–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelowicz, K., & Bain, J. (2001). Revisiting academics’ beliefs about teaching and learning. Higher Education, 41(3), 299–325. doi:10.1023/A:1004130031247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seagrave, S. (1995). Lords of rim: The invisible empire of the overseas Chinese. London, England: Bantam Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). Moral authority, community and diversity: Leadership challenges for the twenty-first century. In K. C. Wong & C. W. Evers (Eds.), Leadership for quality schooling: international perspectives (pp. 1–11). London, England, and New York, NY: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London, England: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigwell, K. (1995). Increasing faculty understanding of teaching. In W. A. Wright (Ed.), Teaching improvement practices: Successful faculty development strategies (pp. 76–99). New York, NY: Anker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigwell, K. (2000). Phenomenography: Discernment and variation. Improving Student Learning, (7), 133–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (2004). Constitution and culture: Exploring the deep leadership structures of Hong Kong schools. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 25(1), 75–94. doi:10.1080/0159630042000178491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (2005, October). Leading authentically at the crossroads of culture and context. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Values and Leadership Conference, Philadelphia, PA.

  • Walker, A., & Dimmock, C. (2000a). Insights into educational administration: The need for a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 20(2), 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., & Dimmock, C. (2000b). One size fits all? Teacher appraisal in a Chinese culture. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 14(2), 155–178. doi:10.1023/A:1008106803772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., & Hallinger, P. (2007). Navigating culture and context: The principalship in East and South-East Asia. In R. Maclean (Ed.), Learning and teaching for the twenty-first century: Festschrift for Professor Phillip Hughes (pp. 255–273). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., Hallinger, P., & Qian, H. (2007). Leadership development for school effectiveness and improvement in East Asia. In T. Townsend (Ed.), International handbook of school effectiveness and improvement (Vol. 1, pp. 659–680). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. (2007). Understanding Chinese educational leaders’ conceptions in an international education context. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10(1), 71–88. doi:10.1080/13603120500445275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. (2008a). Chinese educational leaders’ conceptions of learning and leadership: An interpretative study in an international education context. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. (2008b). Intercultural dialogue and understanding: implications for teachers. In M. Wallace & L. Dunn (Eds.), Teaching in transnational higher education: Enhancing learning for offshore international students (pp. 57–66). London, England: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., & Collard, J. (2009a). Changing conceptions of learning and leadership in Zhejiang Province, China, 2002–2004. In J. Collard & A. H. Normore (Eds.), Leadership and intercultural dynamics (pp. 211–232). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., & Collard, J. (2009b). Chinese leaders and Western discourses 2002–2004. In J. Collard & A. H. Normore (Eds.), Leadership and intercultural dynamics (pp. 233–258). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, K. C. (2001a). Chinese culture and leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4(4), 309–319. doi:10.1080/13603120110077990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, K. C. (2001b). Culture and educational leadership. In K. C. Wong & C. W. Evers (Eds.), Leadership for quality schooling: International perspectives (pp. 36–53). London, England, and New York, NY: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R. B. (2001). 关于中外合作办学之我见 [My opinion on Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools]. 中国高等教育 [China Higher Education], (2), 2

  • Zhang, Y. Q. (1999). 文化视野中的高等教育 [Higher education from cultural perspective]. 南京, 中国: 南京师范大学出版社 [Nanjing, China: Nanjing Normal University Press].

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ting Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, T. Critical perspectives on changes in educational leadership practice. Front. Educ. China 6, 404–425 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-011-0139-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-011-0139-x

Keywords

Navigation