Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Changes in Daily Life Habits during COVID-19 and Their Transitory and Permanent Effects on Italian University Students’ Anxiety Level

  • Published:
Applied Research in Quality of Life Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced increases in mental distress, correlated with fear about the future, economic outlook, labor market situation, restriction of individual freedom and behavioral changes. While some of these are associated with the perceived risk of infection, others are linked to the restrictive measures imposed to limit infections. Whatever the reason behind it, the main question to be asked is whether transitory or habitual anxiety levels are affected and, eventually, whether changes in daily life habits could play a role. To answer this question, a survey was administered to thousands of students from three Italian universities. The survey included a psychological test, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, through which it is possible to observe whether the effects of changes in daily life habits impact on transitory (State) and/or habitual (Trait) levels of anxiety. First, the results show that individuals who are habitually characterized by higher levels of anxiety tend to suffer higher increases in transitory anxiety during the pandemic, and that being a woman is associated with increases in both habitual and current anxiety. Furthermore, physical activity, book reading and self-care practices seem to mitigate the increase in anxiety led by the pandemic. While the first and the last have an impact on habitual and current anxiety levels, book reading is only associated with reductions in current anxiety. Finally, increased use of social networks is associated with greater state anxiety levels, while intensive exposure to videogames and movies amplifies trait anxiety.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addolorato, G., Ancona, C., Capristo, E., Graziosetto, R., Di Rienzo, L., Maurizi, M., & Gasbarrini, G. (1999). State and trait anxiety in women affected by allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46(3), 283–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kandari, Y. Y., & Al-Sejari, M. M. (2021). Social isolation, social support, and their relationship with smartphone addiction. Information Communication & Society, 24(13), 1925–1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., et al. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients, 12(6), 1583.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, D. H., Khan, A., Dager, S. R., Cox, G. B., & Dunner, D. L. (1990). Bright light treatment of winter depression: Morning versus evening light. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(5), 335–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L. L., Seiffer, B., Deinhart, C., Atrott, B., Sudeck, G., Hautzinger, M., et al. (2020). Associations of exercise and social support with mental health during quarantine and social-distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Germany. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.01.20144105.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., Rumpf, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2019). High involvement versus pathological involvement in video games: A crucial distinction for ensuring the validity and utility of gaming disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6(3), 323–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, M. D., Giardina, A., Giordano, C., Coco, G. L., Tosto, C., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2019). Problematic video game use as an emotional coping strategy: Evidence from a sample of MMORPG gamers. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 25–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boursier, V., Musetti, A., Gioia, F., Flayelle, M., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2021). Is watching TV series an adaptive coping strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic? Insights from an Italian community sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 554.

  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer, K. R., Walmsley, L. A., Parrish, E. M., McCubbin, A. K., Welsh, J. D., Braido, C. E. C., & Okoli, C. T. C. (2021). Examining the associations between self-care practices and psychological distress among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse Education Today, 100, 104864.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Busetta, G., Campolo, M. G., Fiorillo, F., Pagani, L., Panarello, D., & Augello, V. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on university students’ anxiety disorder in Italy. Genus, 77(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busetta, G., Campolo, M. G., & Panarello, D. (2023). Economic expectations and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A one-year longitudinal evaluation on Italian university students. Quality & Quantity, 57(1), 59–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campisi, T., Basbas, S., Trouva, M., Papas, T., Akgün-Tanbay, N., Stamatiadis, N., & Tesoriere, G. (2022a). Anxiety, fear and stress feelings of road users during daily walking in COVID-19 pandemic: Sicilian cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 62, 107–114.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campisi, T., Nahiduzzaman, K. M., Nikiforiadis, A., Stamatiadis, N., & Basbas, S. (2022b). Will the effects of COVID-19 on commuting and daily activities of the university students be maintained? Evidence from a small town in Sicily. Sustainability, 14(10), 5780.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cano, F., Martin, A. J., Ginns, P., & Berbén, A. B. G. (2018). Students’ self-worth protection and approaches to learning in higher education: Predictors and consequences. Higher Education, 76(1), 163–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carras, M. C., Van Rooij, A. J., Van de Mheen, D., Musci, R., Xue, Q. L., & Mendelson, T. (2017). Video gaming in a hyperconnected world: A cross-sectional study of heavy gaming, problematic gaming symptoms, and online socializing in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 472–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, S. A., & Farrell, L. (2018). The impact of gambling on depression: New evidence from England and Scotland. Economic Modelling, 68, 475–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Codagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Gómez, C., et al. (2021). Restarting normal life after Covid-19 and the Lockdown: Evidence from Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Social Indicators Research, 158, 241–265.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Constandt, B., Thibaut, E., De Bosscher, V., Scheerder, J., Ricour, M., & Willem, A. (2020). Exercising in times of lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, E., Read, J., & Shevlin, M. (2022). The impact of adverse childhood experiences and recent life events on anxiety and quality of life in university students. Higher Education, 84, 211–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donner, N. C., & Lowry, C. A. (2013). Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology, 465, 601–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). Online gambling addiction: The relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 185–193.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The Mental Health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for Prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallè, F., Sabella, E. A., Da Molin, G., De Giglio, O., Caggiano, G., Di Onofrio, V., et al. (2020). Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to CoViD–19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students: The EPICO study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103481.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., et al. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos One, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gatto, A. J., Miyazaki, Y., & Cooper, L. D. (2022). Help me help myself: Examining an electronic mental health self-monitoring system in college students. Higher Education, 83, 163–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Salgado, J., Andrés-Villas, M., Domínguez-Salas, S., Díaz-Milanés, D., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2020). Related health factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113947.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Granger, R., & Kubis, H. P. (2023). Too much is too much: Influence of former stress levels on food craving and weight gain during the COVID-19 period. Plos One, 18(4), e0277856.

  • Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. S., Sujan, M. S. H., Tasnim, R., Ferdous, M. Z., Masud, J. H. B., Kundu, S., et al. (2020). Problematic internet use among young and adult population in Bangladesh: Correlates with lifestyle and online activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100311.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Julian, L. J. (2011). Measures of anxiety: State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety (HADS-A). Arthritis Care & Research, 63, S467–S472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: The vulnerability of college students. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 11–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Billieux, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 184–186.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, D. C., Saunders, J. B., et al. (2020). Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 100, 152180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. G., Waal-Manning, H. J., & Spears, G. F. (1983). Some norms and reliability data for the state-trait anxiety inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 245–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2011). Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. The European Journal of Public Health, 21(4), 532–537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Hou, G., Yang, D., Jian, H., & Wang, W. (2019). Relationship between anxiety, depression, sex, obesity, and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: A short-term longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 421–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, L., Zhou, D., Yuan, C., Shao, A., & Bian, Y. (2016). Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: A cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 463–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longstreet, P., Brooks, S., & Gonzalez, E. S. (2019). Internet addiction: When the positive emotions are not so positive. Technology in Society, 57, 76–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mak, K. K., Lai, C. M., Watanabe, H., Kim, D. I., Bahar, N., Ramos, M., et al. (2014). Epidemiology of internet behaviors and addiction among adolescents in six Asian countries. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 17(11), 720–728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masaeli, N., & Farhadi, H. (2021). Prevalence of internet-based addictive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 39(4), 468–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattioli, A. V., Sciomer, S., Cocchi, C., Maffei, S., & Gallina, S. (2020). Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30(9), 1409–1417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattioli, A. V., Coppi, F., Nasi, M., & Gallina, S. (2022). Stress and cardiovascular risk burden after the pandemic: Current status and future prospects. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 20(7), 507–513.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellanby, J., & Zimdars, A. (2011). Trait anxiety and final degree performance at the University of Oxford. Higher Education, 61(4), 357–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mestre-Bach, G., Blycker, G. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Pornography use in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 181–183.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nikiforiadis, A., Mitropoulos, L., Kopelias, P., Basbas, S., Stamatiadis, N., & Kroustali, S. (2022). Exploring mobility pattern changes between before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown periods for young adults. Cities, 125, 103662.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Otanga, H., Tanhan, A., Musılı, P. M., Arslan, G., & Buluş, M. (2022). Exploring college students’ biopsychosocial spiritual wellbeing and problems during COVID-19 through a contextual and comprehensive framework. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 619–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagani, L., & Panarello, D. (2022). Evaluation of a program for promoting physical activity and well-being: Friuli Venezia Giulia in Movimento. METRON, 80(1), 97–120.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Panarello, D., & Tassinari, G. (2022a). One year of COVID-19 in Italy: Are containment policies enough to shape the pandemic pattern? Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 79, 101120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panarello, D., & Tassinari, G. (2022b). The consequences of COVID-19 on older adults: Evidence from the SHARE Corona Survey. National Accounting Review, 4(1), 56–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panarello, D., & Tassinari, G. (2024). Where have all the flowers gone? The impact of COVID-19 on UK households’ economic well-being. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics.

  • Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Odriozola-González, P., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Longitudinal evaluation of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Spain. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 842–849.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prada-Trigo, J., Aravena-Solís, N., & Barra-Vieira, P. (2022). Temporary destudentification caused by COVID-19: Motivations and effects on social relations in a Chilean university city. Population Space and Place, 28, e2529. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priego-Parra, B. A., Triana-Romero, A., Pinto-Gálvez, S. M., Ramos, C. D., Salas-Nolasco, O., Reyes, M. M., et al. (2020). Anxiety, depression, attitudes, and internet addiction during the initial phase of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional study in México. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.20095844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyhältö, K., Tikkanen, L., & Anttila, H. (2023). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on PhD candidates’ study progress and study wellbeing. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(2), 413–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, P., & Reay, E. (2015). Relationship between levels of problematic internet usage and motivation to study in university students. Higher Education, 70(4), 711–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Silva, E. S., et al. (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(7), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Meyer, J., Heissel, A., Zech, P., Vancampfort, D., et al. (2019). Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 846–858. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seki, T., Hamazaki, K., Natori, T., & Inadera, H. (2019). Relationship between internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 668–672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Servidio, R., Bartolo, M. G., Palermiti, A. L., & Costabile, A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and their association with internet addiction disorder in a sample of Italian students. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankland, R., Kotsou, I., Vallet, F., Bouteyre, E., Dantzer, C., & Leys, C. (2019). Burnout in university students: The mediating role of sense of coherence on the relationship between daily hassles and burnout. Higher Education, 78(1), 91–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Jacob, L., Yakkundi, A., McDermott, D., Armstrong, N. C., Barnett, Y., et al. (2020). Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait-anxiety inventory: STAI (form Y). Consulting Psychologists.

  • Tassinari, A., Panarello, D., Tassinari, G., Drudi, I., Alboni, F., & Bagnardi, F. (2024). Business, as usual? The impact of organised economic interests on the stringency of Covid-19 containment policies. Insights from Italian regions. Socio-Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwae013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, S. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2007). Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 23(11–12), 887–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troyer, E. A., Kohn, J. N., & Hong, S. (2020). Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 87, 34–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Velden, P. G., Contino, C., Das, M., van Loon, P., & Bosmans, M. W. (2020). Anxiety and depression symptoms, and lack of emotional support among the general population before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A prospective national study on prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 540–548.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Zyl, L. E. (2021). Social Study resources and Social Wellbeing before and during the Intelligent COVID-19 Lockdown in the Netherlands. Social Indicators Research, 157, 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02654-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, C., Valiente, C., García, F. E., et al. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and stress-related responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a National Representative Sample: The role of positive core beliefs about the World and others. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 2915–2935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00352-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wan Ismail, W. S., Sim, S. T., Tan, K. A., Bahar, N., Ibrahim, N., Mahadevan, R., et al. (2020). The relations of internet and smartphone addictions to depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidality among public university students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(4), 949–955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanberg, C. R., Csillag, B., Douglass, R. P., Zhou, L., & Pollard, M. S. (2020). Socioeconomic status and well-being during COVID-19: A resource-based examination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), 1382–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, H., Moody, A., Griffiths, M., Orford, J., & Volberg, R. (2011). Defining the online gambler and patterns of behaviour integration: Evidence from the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. International Gambling Studies, 11(3), 339–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2018). Physical activity. Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.

  • World Health Organization (2020). WHO statement on cases of COVID-19 surpassing 100 000 Retrieved June 27, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news/item/07-03-2020-who-statement-on-cases-of-covid-19-surpassing-100-000.

  • Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the internet: A case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 899–902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, University of Messina, Via Dei Verdi 75, Messina, 98122, Italy

    Giovanni Busetta & Maria Gabriella Campolo

  2. Prometeia,Piazza Trento e Trieste 3, Bologna, 40137, Italy

    Demetrio Panarello

  3. Department of Statistical Sciences “Paolo Fortunati”, University of Bologna, Via Delle Belle Arti 41, Bologna, 40126, Italy

    Demetrio Panarello

Authors
  1. Giovanni Busetta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Gabriella Campolo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Demetrio Panarello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Gabriella Campolo.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

Following the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the protocol of the survey was approved by the ethical committees of the three different Universities. Students accepted to take part in the study on a voluntary basis, after reading and approving an introductive section describing the personal data transparency rules, the composition of the research team, and information about the aims of the study.

Competing interests

Authors have no competing interests and fundings.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Busetta, G., Campolo, M. & Panarello, D. Changes in Daily Life Habits during COVID-19 and Their Transitory and Permanent Effects on Italian University Students’ Anxiety Level. Applied Research Quality Life (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10304-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10304-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation