Abstract
This study examined the structural relationship involving residents’ perception of tourism impacts embedded on material and non-material community capitals, satisfaction, quality of life and whether residents support for further tourism development. Multi method approach was employed to collect data. Focus group discussion with key informants coupled with trend data on wealth, tourism receipts and expenditure complemented the household survey. The hypothesized structural model was empirically tested, involving a randomly selected sample of 408 agro-pastoral residents from three gateway communities; Loliondo, lake Natron and Burrunge in northern Tanzania. It was found that residents support for further tourism development is a function of favourable perceived quality of life, influenced by residents’ satisfaction with both material impacts (i.e. increase in physical and financial capital) and non-material impacts (e.g. devolution of power to community and social-cultural cohesion). However, despite positive tourism impacts observed, residents endure costs in land-use in terms of restricted grazing and cultivation in order to sustain tourism. The study drew conclusion that community capital framework extends the traditional tripartite tourism impacts (i.e. economic, social and environment) to other aspects such as: political, cultural, human and built-capital, thus, provide a thorough understanding about tourism impacts in predicting residents’ quality of life. Future studies should emphasize on the efficacy of community capitals in the context of tourism development and its impacts on resident’s quality of life.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets used for analysis in this study are available from the corresponding author upon special request.
References
Afenyo, E. A., & Amuquandoh, F. E. (2014). Who benefits from community-based ecotourism development? Insights from Tafi Atome Ghana. Tourism Planning and Development, 11(2), 179–190
Andereck, K. L., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the Nature of Tourism and Quality of Life Perceptions among Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 248–260
Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ Perceptions on Tourism Impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690
Arroyo, C. G., Knollenberg, W., & Barbieri, C. (2021). Inputs and outputs of craft beverage tourism: The Destination Resources Acceleration Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 10–31
Ashley, C. (2000). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods: Namibia’s experience (p. 31). Overseas Development Institute
Becker, T. E., Atinc, G., Breaugh, J. A., Carlson, K. D., Edwards, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2016). Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 157–167
Bennett, N., Lemelin, R. H., Koster, R., & Budke, I. (2012). A capital assets framework for appraising and building capacity for tourism development in aboriginal protected area gateway communities. Tourism Management, 33(4), 752–766
Bluwstein, J., Homewood, K., Lund, J. F., Nielsen, M. R., Burgess, N., Msuha, M., & Keane, A. (2018). A quasi-experimental study of impacts of Tanzania’s wildlife management areas on rural livelihoods and wealth. Scientific Data, 5(1), 1–13
Briggs, Xds. (2004). Social capital: Easy beauty or meaningful resource? Journal of the American Planning Association, 70, 151–158
Brown, T. A. (2015). Methodology in the Social Sciences. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press. 220pp
Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area life cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12
Butler, R.W. (Ed.). (2006). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Vol. 2. Conceptual and Theoretical Issues. Channel View Publications
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (3rd ed., pp. 541–554). Routledge
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group
Campón-Cerro, A. M., Folgado-Fernández, J. A., & Hernández-Mogollón, J. M. (2017). Rural destination development based on olive oil tourism: The impact of residents’ community attachment and quality of life on their support for tourism development. Sustainability, 9(9), 1–24
Daniel, W. W. & Cross, C. L. (2013). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences (10th eds.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 53: 1–25
De Boer, D., & Van Dijk, M. P. (2016). Can Sustainable Tourism Achieve Conservation and Local Economic Development? The Experience with Nine Business-Community Wildlife-Tourism Agreements in Northern Tanzania. African Journal of Hospitality Tourism and Leisure, 5(4), 1–19
Dougherty, M. L., Brown, L. E., & Green, G. P. (2013). The social architecture of local food tourism: Challenges and opportunities for community economic development. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 28(2), 1–27
Dudley, N. (Ed.) (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. Gland: IUCN. Retrieved May 7, 2019, from [http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAPS-016.pdf] site visited 12/08/2019
Duffy, L. N., Kline, C., Swanson, J. R., Best, M., & McKinnon, H. (2017). Community development through agroecotourism in Cuba: An application of the community capitals framework. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(3), 203–221
Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2006). Spiraling-up: Mapping community transformation with community capitals framework. Community Development, 37(1), 19–35
Eslami, S., Khalifah, Z., Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., & Han, H. (2019). Community attachment, tourism impacts, quality of life and residents’ support for sustainable tourism development. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 36(9), 1061–1079
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural EquationModels with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Flora, C. B. (2004). Community Dynamics & Social Capital. In: Rickerl, D. & Francis, C. Madison, W. I (eds) Agroecosystems Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. pp. 93–107
Flora, C. & Flora, J. (2013). Rural Communities: Legacy and Change, 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview. [http://www.comm-dev.org >images>CD_Practice_Fall_2019_Issue_23_Final] site visited on 15/08/2019
Flora, C. B., Flora, J. L., & Gasteyer, S. P. (2018). Rural communities: Legacy + change. USA: Westview Press. 506pp
Frauman, E., & Sarah, B. (2011). Gateway Community Resident Perceptions of Tourism Development: Incorporating Importance-performance Analysis into a Limits of Acceptable Change Framework. Tourism Management, 32, 128–140
Gaskin, J. (2017). Common Latent Factor: Confirmatory Factory Analysis, http://statwiki.kolobkreations.com/index.php?title=Confirmatory_Factor_Analysisandredirect=no#Common_Latent_Factor accessed: 22 May 2019
Gaskin, J., Witten, D., Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. (2017). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R. 1st ed. 2013, Corr. 7th printing 2017 edition. Springer
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed., p. 321). Prentice-Hall Inc
Hoole, A. (2009). Place-power-prognosis: Community-based conservation, partnerships, and ecotourism enterprises in Namibia. International Journal of the Commons, 4(1), 78–99
Howe, L. D., Galobardes, B., Matijasevich, A., Gordon, D., Johnston, D., Onwujekwe, O., & Hargreaves, J. R. (2012). Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low-and middle-income countries: A methods of measurement in epidemiology paper. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(3), 871–886
Jeon, M. M., Kang, M. M., & Desmarais, E. (2014). Residents’ perceived quality of life in a cultural-heritage tourism destination. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 105–123.
Kish, L. (1995). Survey Sampling (No. 04; HN29, K5.) (p. 643). John Wiley and Sons Inc
Kline, C. (2017). Applying the community capitals framework to the craft heritage trails of western North Carolina. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12(5), 489–508
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed., p. 427). The Guilford Press
Kline, C., McGehee, N., & Delconte, J. (2018). Built capital as a catalyst for community-based tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 2018, 1–17
Ko, D. W., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521–530
Lin, Z., Chen, Y., & Filieri, R. (2017). Resident-tourist value co-creation: The role of residents’ perceived tourism impacts and life satisfaction. Tourism Management, 61, 436–442
Little, T. D. (Ed.). (2013). The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press
Manrai, L. A., Lascu, D. N., & Manrai, A. K. (2019). A study of safari tourism in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical test of Tourism ABC (T-ABC) model. Journal of Business Research, 119, 639–651
Matarrita-Cascante, D. (2010). Changing communities, community satisfaction, and quality of life: A view of multiple perceived indicators. Social Indicators Research, 98(1), 105–127
Mwongoso, A., Sirima, A., & Mgonja, J. (2021). Development of Tourism Destinations in Gateway Communities. Northern Tanzania. Journal of Tourism Quarterly, 3(4), 177–195
Nelson, F. (2004). The Evolution and Impacts of Community-Based Ecotourism in Northern Tanzania. International Institute for Environment and Development, 131, 1–40
Nunkoo, R., & So, K. K. F. (2015). Residents’ support for tourism: Testing alternative structural models. Journal of Travel Research, 55(7), 847–861
Olya, H. G., & Gavilyan, Y. (2016). Configurational models to predict residents’ support for tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 56(7), 893–912
Park, K., Lee, J., & Lee, T. J. (2016). Residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development in terms of community well-being and attachment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(2), 160–172
Pitzer, K. A., & Streeter, C. L. (2015). Mapping community capitals: A potential tool for social work. Advances in Social Work, 16(2), 358–371
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster Inc
Simpson, M. C. (2007). An integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods. Community Development Journal, 44(2), 186–208
Sirgy, M. J. (2001). Handbook of quality-of-life research: An ethical marketing perspective (p. 124). Springer
Stone, M. T., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2018). Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism, and community livelihoods dynamics: Spiraling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 307–324
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. Using multivariate statistics, 3, 402–407
Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (2013) 2012 Population and housing census, population distribution by administrative areas, Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam/Zanzibar. [http://www.nbs.go.tz >population-and-housing-census ] site visited on 12/08/2021
Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (2016) 2002 Census Population Distribution as per 2012 Population Census Administrative Units. [http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbstz/index.php/english/statistics-by-subject/population-and-housing-census/254–2002-census-population-distribution-as-per-2012-population-census-administrative-units] site visited on 15/07/2019
Theodori, G. (2000). Level of analysis and conceptual clarification in community attachment and satisfaction research: Connections to community development. Journal of the Community Development Society, 31(1), 35–58
UNWTO (2019). World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). [https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2019.17.1.1] site visited on 12/08/2021
Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. L. (2015). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261
Van Campenhout, B. F. H. (2006). Locally adapted poverty indicators derived from participatory wealth rankings. A case of four villages in rural Tanzania. Journal of African Economies, 16(3), 406–438
Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2015). Life satisfaction and support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 84–97
Woo, E., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2018). Tourism impact and stakeholders’ quality of life. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 42(2), 260–286
World Bank. (2019). Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment: A New Picture of Growth for Tanzania. World Bank. 60pp
Yang, X. (2016). Research on Rural Residents Perceptions and Attitudes toward Tourism under `Special Consideration of Socio-Economic Sustainability Issues. Doctoral dissertation, Göttingen University, pp 377
Zakaria, H., Abujaja, A. M., Adam, H. & Salifu, W. Y. (2015). Does Gender Makes Any Difference in Livelihoods Diversification? Evidence from northern Ghana. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies, 1(1):36–51
Acknowledgements
We thank the District Executive Directors of Babati and Ngorongoro, Village Executive Officers, local residents and tourism investors for their hospitality and cooperation during data collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Consent to Participate
All respondents provided informed consent prior to participation.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mwongoso, A.J., Sirima, A. & Mgonja, J.T. Impacts of Tourism Development on Residents’ Quality of Life: Efficacy of Community Capitals in Gateway Communities, Northern Tanzania. Applied Research Quality Life 18, 2511–2539 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10196-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10196-7