Abstract
This 12-month longitudinal study investigated the incidence of probable depression (i.e., changes in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES-D] scores from < 16 at the baseline to ≥ 16 at the follow-up) and its psychosocial predictors among secondary 1–4 students (N = 9666) in Hong Kong, China. Of the 4100 non-probable depression participants (CES-D < 16) at baseline, data obtained from the baseline and longitudinal surveys of 3584 (87.4%) participants could be matched and were analyzed. The incidence of probable depression was 46.60 per 100 person-years. Adjusted for all background factors, negative life events, loneliness, and social anxiety were significant risk factors, while self-esteem, self-efficacy, positive affect, and family support were protective predictors of incident depression. Female sex was a risk factor but the interactions between sex and the psychosocial factors in determining incident probable depression were statistically non-significant, except for loneliness. The high incidence of probable depression calls for effective interventions on both sexes.
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The authors thank the participating schools and students for their cooperation in this study.
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This work was supported by the Health and Health Services Research Fund (HHSRF) in Hong Kong 09100591. Health and Health Services Research Fund (HHSRF) is currently known as Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF).
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Anise MS Wu conducted literature searches, interpreted the findings, and prepared the manuscript. Mark HC Lai performed the statistical analysis and participated in finding interpretation and manuscript writing. Joseph TF Lau was the principal investigator of the project and was responsible for the research conception and design, supervision, data interpretation, and finalizing of the manuscript. Danielle L. Walden participated in literature review and manuscript writing. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.
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Wu, A.M.S., Lai, M.H.C., Lau, J.T.F. et al. Incidence of Probable Depression and Its Predictors Among Chinese Secondary School Students. Int J Ment Health Addiction 18, 1652–1667 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00379-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00379-w