Abstract
This paper presents the results of the first phase of a research project dealing with the constitutive description of the behaviour of well-graded granular materials when used for base or subbase layers in flexible pavement structures (so-called “unbound granular materials”, UGMs). Monotonic and cyclic loading is under consideration. The present paper concentrates on test results and the constitutive description of monotonic loading. Hypoplasticity in the version proposed by von Wolffersdorff is used as the constitutive model. Sets of material constants for typical UGM materials do not exist in the literature. The experimental determination of a set of constants according to the procedure proposed by Herle is described in this paper. In the monotonic triaxial tests specimens with a square cross-section were used. The paper presents a preliminary test series comparing triaxial results obtained with cylindrical and with prismatic specimens. Re-calculations of the element tests are also presented. The simulations show a good congruence with the experiments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asphalt Institute (AI) (1982) Research and Development of the Asphalt Institute’s Thickness Design Manual MS - 1, 9th Ed., College Park, Md
Anh Dan LQ, Tatsuoka F, Koseki J (2003) Viscous shear stress-strain characteristics of dense gravel in triaxial compression. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
AUSTROADS (1992) Pavement Design - A Guide to the Structural Design of Road Pavement, Sydney - Australia
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (1986) Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, Washington, DC
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (1993) Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, Washington, DC
Barksdale RD, Itani SY (1989) Influence of Aggregate Shape on Base Behaviour. Transportation Research Record (1227):173 – 182
Bauer E (1996) Calibration of a comprehensive constitutive equation for granular materials. Soils and Foundations 36:13–26
Bishop AW, Green GE (1965) The influence of end restraint on the compression strength of a cohesionless soil. Géotechnique 15(3):243–266
Bühler M (2006) Experimental and numerical investigation of soil-foundation-structure interaction during monotonic, alternating and dynamic loading. Dissertation, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Heft 166
COST 337 (2000) Unbound Granular Materials for Road Pavements, Final Report of the Action. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Cudmani R (2004) Modelación numérica de estructuras geotécnicas y taludes durante terremotos de gran magnitud. In: X Congreso y V Seminario Colombianos de Geotecnia
Cudmani R (2001) Statische, alternierende und dynamische Penetration in nichtbindige Böden. Dissertation, Veröffentlichungen des Institutes für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik der Universität Fridericiana in Karlsruhe, Heft 152
Dawson AR, Mundy MJ, Huhtala M (2000) European Research into Granular Material for Pavement Bases and Subbases. Transportation Research Record, pp 91–99
Goto S, Tatsuoka F, Shibuya S, Kim Y-S, Sato T (1991) A simple gauge for local small strain measurements in the laboratory. Soils and Foundations 31(1):169–180
Hayano K, Matsumoto M, Tatsuoka F, Koseki J (2001) Evaluation of time-dependent deformation properties of sedimentary soft rock and their constitutive modeling. Soils and Foundations 41(2):21–38
Herle I (1997) Hypoplastizität und Granulometrie einfacher Korngerüste. Promotion, Institut für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik der Universität Fridericiana in Karlsruhe, Heft Nr. 142
Herle I (2000) Granulometric Limits of Hypoplastic Models. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prosecká, Task Quarterly, Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk 4(3):389–408
Herle I, Gudehus G (1999) Determination of Parameters of a Hypoplastic Constitutive Model from Properties of Grain Assemblies. Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials 4(5):461–486
HMSO (1994) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Vol 7, HD 25/94, part 2, Foundations
Hoque E, Sato T, Tatsuoka F (1997) Performance evaluation of LDTs for use in triaxial tests. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 20(2):149–167
IDU (2002) Instituto de Desarrollo Urbano and Universidad de Los Andes, Manual de Diseno de Pavimentos para Bogotá. Bogotá D.C., Colombia
INVIAS Instituto Nacional de Vías (2002) Manual de Diseño de Pavimentos Asfálticos en vías con Bajos, Medios y Altos volúmenes de Tránsito. Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Jiang G-L, Tatsuoka F, Flora A, Koseki J (1997) Inherent and stress-state-induced anisotropy in very small strain stiffness of a sandy gravel. Géotechnique 47(3):509–521
Kolymbas D (1991) An outline of hypoplasticity. Archive of Applied Mechanics 61:143–151
Kongsukprasert L, Kuwano R, Tatsuoka F (2001) Effects of ageing with shear stress on the stress-strain behaviour of cement-mixed sand. In: Tatsuoka, et al. (ed) Advanced laboratory stress-strain testing of geomaterials. Balkema, pp 251–258
Lekarp F, Isacsson U, Dawson A (2000) State of the art. II: Permanent strain response of unbound aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering 126(1):76–83
Libreros Bertini AB (2006) Hypo- und viskohypoplastische Modellierung von Kriech- und Rutschbewegungen, besonders infolge Starkbeben. Dissertation, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Heft 165
Matsuoka H, Nakai T (1982) A new failure for soils in three-dimensional stresses. In: Deformation and Failure of Granular Materials. Proc. IUTAM Symp. in Delft, pp 253–263
Morgan JR (1966) The Response of Granular Materials to Repeated Loading. In Proc., 3rd Conf., ARRB
Nawir H, Tatsuoka F, Kuwano R (2003) Experimental evaluation of the viscous properties of sand in shear. Soils and Foundations 43(6):13–32
Nicholson PG, Seed RB, Anwar HA (1993) Elimination of membrane compliance in undrained triaxial testing. I. Measurement and evaluation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30:727–738
Niemunis A (2000) Akkumulation der Verformung infolge zyklischer Belastung – numerische Strategien. In Beiträge zum Workshop: Boden unter fast zyklischer Belastung: Erfahrungen und Forschungsergebnisse, Veröffentlichungen des Institutes für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Heft Nr. 32, pp 1–20
Niemunis A (2003) Extended hypoplastic models for soils. Habilitation, Veröffentlichungen des Institutes für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Heft Nr. 34, 2003. available from http://www.pg.gda.pl/∼aniem/an-liter.html
Niemunis A, Herle I (1997) Hypoplastic model for cohesionless soils with elastic strain range. Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials 2:279–299
Niemunis A, Wichtmann T, Triantafyllidis T (2005) A high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers and Geotechnics 32(4):245–263
Rondón HA, Lizcano A (2006) Modelos de comportamiento de materiales granulares para pavimentos y aplicación de la ley constitutiva hipoplástica. In: III Jornadas Internacionales de Ingeniera Civil. Cuba
Schünemann A (2006) Numerische Modelle zur Beschreibung des Langzeitverhaltens von Eisenbahnschotter unter alternierender Beanspruchung. Dissertation, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Heft 168
Sweere GTH (1990) Unbound granular bases for roads. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Shell International Petroleum Company (1978) Shell Pavement Design Manual. Asphalt Pavement and Overlays for Road Traffic, London
TRL Transport Research Laboratory (1993) A Guide to the Structural Design of Bitumen-Surfaced Roads in Tropical and Sub-tropical Countries. RN31, Draft 4th edition
von Wolffersdorff P-A (1996) A hypoplastic relation for granular materials with a predefined limit state surface. Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials 1:251–271
Wehr WCS (1999) Granulatumhüllte Anker und Nägel - Sandanker. Dissertation, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Universität Karlsruhe, Heft 146
Werkmeister S, Dawson A, Wellner F (2001) Permanent Deformation Behaviour of Granular Materials and the Shakedown Concept. Transportation Research Record (1757):75–81
Werkmeister S, Dawson A, Wellner F (2004) Pavement Design Model of Unbound Granular Materials. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130:665–674
Wichtmann T (2005) Explicit accumulation model for non-cohesive soils under cyclic loading. Dissertation, Schriftenreihe des Institutes für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Heft 38
Acknowledgments
The experimental work was done at the Institute of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering at Ruhr-University Bochum. The stay of H. Rondón in Bochum was financed by scholarships of Colciencias and DAAD which is gratefully acknowledged herewith. Furthermore, the authors want to thank the laboratory assistants M. Skubisch and B. Kaminski for carefully performing the experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Table 4
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rondón, H.A., Wichtmann, T., Triantafyllidis, T. et al. Hypoplastic material constants for a well-graded granular material for base and subbase layers of flexible pavements. Acta Geotech. 2, 113–126 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0030-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0030-3