Abstract
With the explosion of sensory data in the Internet of Things (IoT) era, conventional machine vision systems are becoming increasingly difficult to meet the requirements of high efficiency, low energy consumption, and low latency due to their inherent shortcomings of separate sensing, memory, and computing units. Inspired by the retina and neuromorphic computing, the sensing-memory-computing integrated vision system (SMCVS) that features low power consumption, low latency, and high parallelism has been considered a promising technology to surpass the von Neumann architecture and realize strong artificial intelligence. Meanwhile, novel materials like two-dimensional semiconductors and quantum dots with novel optoelectronic performance provide hardware carriers for implementing integrated sensing-memory-computing architectures, attracting considerable attention. This paper reviews the recent research progress in bioinspired vision systems in terms of biomimetic mechanisms, design principles, computational architectures, and applications. Firstly, the biomimetic mechanisms are illustrated to guide the design of high-performance artificial visual perception systems. Then the research progress of optoelectronic-synapse-based bioinspired vision systems in the device principles and applications including image filtering, color recognition, visual adaptation, and motion detection are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future developing directions of the SMCVS are provided regarding bionic application, architecture design, and device fabrication.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mennel L, Symonowicz J, Wachter S, et al. Ultrafast machine vision with 2D material neural network image sensors. Nature, 2020, 579: 62–66
Chai Y. In-sensor computing for machine vision. Nature, 2020, 579: 32–33
Yang R, Huang H, Hong Q, et al. Synaptic suppression triplet-STDP learning rule realized in second-order memristors. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1704455
Zhong Y, Wang T, Gao X, et al. Synapse-like organic thin film memristors. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1800854
Zhou Y X, Li Y, Su Y T, et al. Nonvolatile reconfigurable sequential logic in a HfO2 resistive random access memory array. Nanoscale, 2017, 9: 6649–6657
Zhou F, Chai Y. Near-sensor and in-sensor computing. Nat Electron, 2020, 3: 664–671
Wan T, Shao B, Ma S, et al. In-sensor computing: materials, devices, and integration technologies. Adv Mater, 2023, 35
van de Burgt Y, Lubberman E, Fuller E J, et al. A non-volatile organic electrochemical device as a low-voltage artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing. Nat Mater, 2017, 16: 414–418
Xia Q, Yang J J. Memristive crossbar arrays for brain-inspired computing. Nat Mater, 2019, 18: 309–323
Radovic A, Williams M, Rousseau D, et al. Machine learning at the energy and intensity frontiers of particle physics. Nature, 2018, 560: 41–48
Wang C, Liang S J, Wang C Y, et al. Scalable massively parallel computing using continuous-time data representation in nanoscale crossbar array. Nat Nanotechnol, 2021, 16: 1079–1085
Song Y M, Xie Y, Malyarchuk V, et al. Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye. Nature, 2013, 497: 95–99
Kim Y, Chortos A, Xu W, et al. A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve. Science, 2018, 360: 998–1003
Masland R H. The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat Neurosci, 2001, 4: 877–886
Egmont-Petersen M, de Ridder D, Handels H. Image processing with neural networks-a review. Pattern Recogn, 2002, 35: 2279–2301
Gollisch T, Meister M. Eye smarter than scientists believed: neural computations in circuits of the retina. Neuron, 2010, 65: 150–164
Lee W, Lee J, Yun H, et al. High-resolution spin-on-patterning of perovskite thin films for a multiplexed image sensor array. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1702902
Zhang L, Pasthukova N, Yao Y, et al. Self-suspended nanomesh scaffold for ultrafast flexible photodetectors based on organic semiconducting crystals. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1801181
McCollough C. Color adaptation of edge-detectors in the human visual system. Science, 1965, 149: 1115–1116
Baden T, Osorio D. The retinal basis of vertebrate color vision. Annu Rev Vis Sci, 2019, 5: 177–200
Stockman A, MacLeod D I A, Johnson N E. Spectral sensitivities of the human cones. J Opt Soc Am A, 1993, 10: 2491–2521
Kolb H. How the retina works. Am Sci, 2003, 91: 28–35
Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessell T, et al. Low-level visual processing: the retina. In: Principles of Neural Science. 5th ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014
Gray J R, Blincow E, Robertson R M. A pair of motion-sensitive neurons in the locust encode approaches of a looming object. J Comp Physiol A, 2010, 196: 927–938
Fotowat H, Gabbiani F. Collision detection as a model for sensory-motor integration. Annu Rev Neurosci, 2011, 34: 1–19
Glantz R M. Defense reflex and motion detector responsiveness to approaching targets: The motion detector trigger to the defense reflex pathway. J Comp Physiol, 1974, 95: 297–314
Chen T, Lu S. Object-level motion detection from moving cameras. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol, 2017, 27: 2333–2343
Choo K, Xu L, Kim Y, et al. Energy-efficient low-noise CMOS image sensor with capacitor array-assisted charge-injection SAR ADC for motion-triggered low-power IoT applications. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, 2019
Chen S, Lou Z, Chen D, et al. An artificial flexible visual memory system based on an UV-motivated memristor. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1705400
Hu L, Yang J, Wang J, et al. All-optically controlled memristor for optoelectronic neuromorphic computing. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2005582
Cao G, Meng P, Chen J, et al. 2D material based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2005443
Liu C, Chen H, Wang S, et al. Two-dimensional materials for next-generation computing technologies. Nat Nanotechnol, 2020, 15: 545–557
Pi L, Wang P, Liang S J, et al. Broadband convolutional processing using band-alignment-tunable heterostructures. Nat Electron, 2022, 5: 248–254
Pei Y, Yan L, Wu Z, et al. Artificial visual perception nervous system based on low-dimensional material photoelectric memristors. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 17319–17326
Wang H, Zhao Q, Ni Z, et al. A ferroelectric/electrochemical modulated organic synapse for ultraflexible, artificial visual-perception system. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1803961
He Z, Shen H, Ye D, et al. An organic transistor with light intensity-dependent active photoadaptation. Nat Electron, 2021, 4: 522–529
Cui B, Fan Z, Li W, et al. Ferroelectric photosensor network: an advanced hardware solution to real-time machine vision. Nat Commun, 2022, 13: 1707
Yan T, Cai Y C, Wang Y R, et al. Near-infrared optoelectronic synapses based on a Te/α-In2Se3 heterojunction for neuromorphic computing. Sci China Inf Sci, 2023, 66: 160404
Wang Z, Zhou X, Liu X, et al. Van der Waals ferroelectric transistors: the all-round artificial synapses for high-precision neuromorphic computing. Chip, 2023, 2: 100044
Yoo C, Ko T J, Kaium M G, et al. A minireview on 2D materials-enabled optoelectronic artificial synaptic devices. APL Mater, 2022, 10: 070702
Peng Z R, Lin R F, Li Z, et al. Two-dimensional materials-based integrated hardware. Sci China Inf Sci, 2023, 66: 160401
Chen Y, Kang Y, Hao H, et al. All two-dimensional integration-type optoelectronic synapse mimicking visual attention mechanism for multi-target recognition. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2209781
Wang C Y, Liang S J, Wang S, et al. Gate-tunable van der Waals heterostructure for reconfigurable neural network vision sensor. Sci Adv, 2020, 6: 6173
Zhou F, Zhou Z, Chen J, et al. Optoelectronic resistive random access memory for neuromorphic vision sensors. Nat Nanotechnol, 2019, 14: 776–782
Tan Y, Hao H, Chen Y, et al. A bioinspired retinomorphic device for spontaneous chromatic adaptation. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2206816
Seo S, Jo S H, Kim S, et al. Artificial optic-neural synapse for colored and color-mixed pattern recognition. Nat Commun, 2018, 9: 5106
Li D, Li C, Ilyas N, et al. Color-recognizing Si-based photonic synapse for artificial visual system. Adv Intell Syst, 2020, 2: 2000107
Cai Y, Wang F, Wang X, et al. Broadband visual adaption and image recognition in a monolithic neuromorphic machine vision system. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2212917
Liao F, Zhou Z, Kim B J, et al. Bioinspired in-sensor visual adaptation for accurate perception. Nat Electron, 2022, 5: 84–91
Kwon S M, Cho S W, Kim M, et al. Environment-adaptable artificial visual perception behaviors using a light-adjustable optoelectronic neuromorphic device array. Adv Mater, 2019, 31: 1906433
Wang S, Wang C Y, Wang P, et al. Networking retinomorphic sensor with memristive crossbar for brain-inspired visual perception. Natl Sci Rev, 2021, 8: nwaa172
Chen J, Zhou Z, Kim B J, et al. Optoelectronic graded neurons for bioinspired in-sensor motion perception. Nat Nanotechnol, 2023, 18: 882–888
Zhang Z, Wang S, Liu C, et al. All-in-one two-dimensional retinomorphic hardware device for motion detection and recognition. Nat Nanotechnol, 2022, 17: 27–32
Li Z P. A new framework for understanding vision from the perspective of the primary visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2019, 58: 1–10
Watson C, Kirkcaldie M, Paxinos G. Gathering information-the sensory systems. In: The Brain. Sydney: Elsevier, 2010. 75–96
Remington L A. Visual pathway. In: Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System. Sydney: Elsevier, 2012. 233–252
Alexander K R. Information processing: retinal adaptation. In: Encyclopedia of the Eye. New York: Academic Press, 2010, 379–386
Xu X, Ichida J, Shostak Y, et al. Are primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells really sensitive to orientation or direction? Vis Neurosci, 2002, 19: 97–108
Tailby C, Dobbie W J, Solomon S G, et al. Receptive field asymmetries produce color-dependent direction selectivity in primate lateral geniculate nucleus. J Vision, 2010, 10: 1
Lorach H, Goetz G, Smith R, et al. Photovoltaic restoration of sight with high visual acuity. Nat Med, 2015, 21: 476–482
Gruhl T, Weinert T, Rodrigues M J, et al. Ultrafast structural changes direct the first molecular events of vision. Nature, 2023, 615: 939–944
Palczewski K. Chemistry and biology of the initial steps in vision: the friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55: 6651
Buchsbaum G, Gottschalk A, Barlow H B. Trichromacy, opponent colours coding and optimum colour information transmission in the retina. Proc Royal Soc London Ser B Biol Sci, 1997, 220: 89–113
Freed M A. Contributions of bipolar cells to ganglion cell receptive fields. In: The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference. Orlando: Academic Press, 2008. 351–359
Masland R H. The neuronal organization of the retina. Neuron, 2012, 76: 266–280
Hubel D H, Wiesel T N. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J Physiol, 1962, 160: 106–154
Brainard D H, Wandell B A. Analysis of the retinex theory of color vision. J Opt Soc Am A, 1986, 3: 1651–1661
Maloney L T, Wandell B A. Color constancy: a method for recovering surface spectral reflectance. J Opt Soc Am A, 1986, 3: 29–33
Werner A. Spatial and temporal aspects of chromatic adaptation and their functional significance for colour constancy. Vision Res, 2014, 104: 80–89
Stockman A, Sharpe L T. Human cone spectral sensitivities: a progress report. Vision Res, 1998, 38: 3193–3206
Viqueira P V, De F S, Martinez V F. Colour vision: theories and principles. In: Colour Measurement. Sawston Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2010
Roy C A. Chromatic adaptation and colour constancy. In: Principles of Colour and Appearance Measurement. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015. 214–264
de Monasterio F M. Center and surround mechanisms of opponent-color X and Y ganglion cells of retina of macaques. J NeuroPhysiol, 1978, 41: 1418–1434
Bowmaker J K, Dartnall H J. Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina. J Physiol, 1980, 298: 501–511
Barlow H B. Temporal and spatial summation in human vision at different background intensities. J Physiol, 1958, 141: 337–350
Jie J, Deng W, Zhang X, et al. A phototransistor with visual adaptation. Nat Electron, 2021, 4: 460–461
Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System. Lombardy: University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 1995
Darmont A. High Dynamic Range Imaging: Sensors and Architectures. Bellingham: SPIE, 2013
Shen J. On the foundations of vision modeling. Phys D-NOnlinear Phenomena, 2003, 175: 241–251
Posch C, Serrano-Gotarredona T, Linares-Barranco B, et al. Retinomorphic event-based vision sensors: bioinspired cameras with spiking output. Proc IEEE, 2014, 102: 1470–1484
Miller E K. Straight from the top. Nature, 1999, 401: 650–651
Lockhofen D E L, Mulert C. Neurochemistry of visual attention. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 643597
Proffitt D R. Distance perception. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 2006, 15: 131–135
Nityananda V, Read J C A. Stereopsis in animals: evolution, function and mechanisms. J Exp Biol, 2017, 220: 2502–2512
Parker A J. Stereoscopic vision. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Orlando: Academic Press, 2009. 411–417
Iehisa I, Ayaki M, Tsubota K, et al. Factors affecting depth perception and comparison of depth perception measured by the three-rods test in monocular and binocular vision. Heliyon, 2020, 6: e04904
Knaus K R, Hipsley A M, Blemker S S. The action of ciliary muscle contraction on accommodation of the lens explored with a 3D model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2021, 20: 879–894
Hao H, Kang Y, Xu Z, et al. Neuromorphology in-sensor computing architecture based on an optical Fourier transform. Opt Lett, 2021, 46: 5501–5504
Wan C, Cai P, Wang M, et al. Artificial sensory memory. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1902434
Yang Q, Luo Z, Zhang D, et al. Controlled optoelectronic response in van der Waals heterostructures for in-sensor computing. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32
Kang Y, Chen Y, Tan Y, et al. Bioinspired activation of silent synapses in layered materials for extensible neuromorphic computing. J Materiomics, 2023, 9: 787–797
Yao P, Wu H, Gao B, et al. Fully hardware-implemented memristor convolutional neural network. Nature, 2020, 577: 641–646
Pei J, Deng L, Song S, et al. Towards artificial general intelligence with hybrid Tianjic chip architecture. Nature, 2019, 572: 106–111
Wan W, Kubendran R, Schaefer C, et al. A compute-in-memory chip based on resistive random-access memory. Nature, 2022, 608: 504–512
Huo Q, Yang Y, Wang Y, et al. A computing-in-memory macro based on three-dimensional resistive random-access memory. Nat Electron, 2022, 5: 469–477
Zimmer B, Venkatesan R, Shao Y S, et al. A 0.32-128 TOPS, scalable multi-chip-module-based deep neural network inference accelerator with ground-referenced signaling in 16 nm. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2020, 55: 920–932
Tye N J, Hofmann S, Stanley-Marbell P. Materials and devices as solutions to computational problems in machine learning. Nat Electron, 2023, 6: 479–490
Wang Y, Liu M, Yang J, et al. Data-driven deep learning for automatic modulation recognition in cognitive radios. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2019, 68: 4074–4077
Jiang T, Wang Y, Zheng Y, et al. Tetrachromatic vision-inspired neuromorphic sensors with ultraweak ultraviolet detection. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 2281
Park H, Kim H, Lim D, et al. Retina-inspired carbon nitride-based photonic synapses for selective detection of UV light. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1906899
Seung H, Choi C, Kim D C, et al. Integration of synaptic phototransistors and quantum dot light-emitting diodes for visualization and recognition of UV patterns. Sci Adv, 2022, 8: eabq3101
Qiu W, Huang Y, Kong L, et al. Optoelectronic In-Ga-Zn-O memtransistors for artificial vision system. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 2002325
Yang X, Xiong Z, Chen Y, et al. A self-powered artificial retina perception system for image preprocessing based on photovoltaic devices and memristive arrays. Nano Energy, 2020, 78: 105246
Shan X, Zhao C, Wang X, et al. Plasmonic optoelectronic memristor enabling fully light-modulated synaptic plasticity for neuromorphic vision. Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2104632
Dodda A, Jayachandran D, Pannone A, et al. Active pixel sensor matrix based on monolayer MoS2 phototransistor array. Nat Mater, 2022, 21: 1379–1387
Li C, Hu M, Li Y, et al. Analogue signal and image processing with large memristor crossbars. Nat Electron, 2018, 1: 52–59
Jang H, Liu C, Hinton H, et al. An atomically thin optoelectronic machine vision processor. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 2002431
Dang B, Liu K, Wu X, et al. One-phototransistor-one-memristor array with high-linearity light-tunable weight for optic neuromorphic computing. Adv Mater, 2023, 35
Choi C, Leem J, Kim M, et al. Curved neuromorphic image sensor array using a MoS2-organic heterostructure inspired by the human visual recognition system. Nat Commun, 2020, 11: 5934
Li Y, Wang J, Yang Q, et al. Flexible artificial optoelectronic synapse based on lead-free metal halide nanocrystals for neuromorphic computing and color recognition. Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2202123
Guo F, Song M, Wong M, et al. Multifunctional optoelectronic synapse based on ferroelectric van der Waals heterostructure for emulating the entire human visual system. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2108014
Hong S, Choi S H, Park J, et al. Sensory adaptation and neuromorphic phototransistors based on CsPb(Br1−xIx)3 perovskite and MoS2 hybrid structure. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 9796–9806
Xie D, Wei L, Xie M, et al. Photoelectric visual adaptation based on 0D-CsPbBr3-quantum-dots/2D-MoS2 mixed-dimensional heterojunction transistor. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2010655
Xie D, Gao G, Tian B, et al. Porous metal-organic framework/ReS2 heterojunction phototransistor for polarization-sensitive visual adaptation emulation. Adv Mater, 2023, 35
Ohta J O. Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017
Chen Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, et al. Switchable perovskite photovoltaic sensors for bioinspired adaptive machine vision. Adv Intell Syst, 2020, 2: 2000122
Liao C, Wang W, Sun Y, et al. A gate multiplexing architecture-based artificial visual sensor and memory system. Adv Intell Syst, 2023, 5: 2200298
Jayachandran D, Oberoi A, Sebastian A, et al. A low-power biomimetic collision detector based on an in-memory molybdenum disulfide photodetector. Nat Electron, 2020, 3: 646–655
Harrison R R. A biologically inspired analog IC for visual collision detection. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I, 2005, 52: 2308–2318
Jayachandran D, Pannone A, Das M, et al. Insect-inspired, spike-based, in-sensor, and night-time collision detector based on atomically thin and light-sensitive memtransistors. ACS Nano, 2022, 17: 1068–1080
Tanaka G, Yamane T, Héroux J B, et al. Recent advances in physical reservoir computing: a review. Neural Netw, 2019, 115: 100–123
Du C, Cai F, Zidan M A, et al. Reservoir computing using dynamic memristors for temporal information processing. Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 2204
Lao J, Yan M, Tian B, et al. Ultralow-power machine vision with self-powered sensor reservoir. Adv Sci, 2022, 9: 2106092
Sun Y, Li Q, Zhu X, et al. In-sensor reservoir computing based on optoelectronic synapse. Adv Intell Syst, 2023, 5: 2200196
Wan T Q, Ma S J, Liao F Y, et al. Neuromorphic sensory computing. Sci China Inf Sci, 2021, 65: 141401
Tong L, Peng Z, Lin R, et al. 2D materials-based homogeneous transistor-memory architecture for neuromorphic hardware. Science, 2021, 373: 1353–1358
Seo S, Lee J, Lee R, et al. An optogenetics-inspired flexible van der Waals optoelectronic synapse and its application to a convolutional neural network. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2102980
Pan X, Shi J, Wang P, et al. Parallel perception of visual motion using light-tunable memory matrix. Sci Adv, 2023, 9: 4083
Guo M H, Liu Z N, Mu T J, et al. Beyond self-attention: external attention using two linear layers for visual tasks. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell, 2023, 45: 5436–5447
Qian R, Lai X, Li X. 3D object detection for autonomous driving: a survey. Pattern Recogn, 2022, 130: 108796
Laga H, Jospin L V, Boussaid F, et al. A survey on deep learning techniques for stereo-based depth estimation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell, 2022, 44: 1738–1764
Chen C, He Y, Mao H, et al. A photoelectric spiking neuron for visual depth perception. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 2201895
Su F, Chen W H, Xia L X, et al. A 462GOPs/J RRAM-based nonvolatile intelligent processor for energy harvesting IoE system featuring nonvolatile logics and processing-in-memory. In: Proceedings of Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Horikawa-Shiokoji, 2017
Huang X, Liu C, Tang Z, et al. An ultrafast bipolar flash memory for self-activated in-memory computing. Nat Nanotechnol, 2023, 18: 486–492
Ren L, Zhou C, Song X, et al. Efficient spin-orbit torque switching in a perpendicularly magnetized heusler alloy MnPtGe single layer. ACS Nano, 2023, 17: 6400–6409
Lan X, Cao Y, Liu X, et al. Gradient descent on multilevel spin-orbit synapses with tunable variations. Adv Intell Syst, 2021, 3: 2000182
Yang S, Shin J, Kim T, et al. Integrated neuromorphic computing networks by artificial spin synapses and spin neurons. NPG Asia Mater, 2021, 13: 11
Liu J, Xu T, Feng H, et al. Compensated ferrimagnet based artificial synapse and neuron for ultrafast neuromorphic computing. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2107870
Gauthier D J, Bollt E, Griffith A, et al. Next generation reservoir computing. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 5564
Sun L, Wang Z, Jiang J, et al. In-sensor reservoir computing for language learning via two-dimensional memristors. Sci Adv, 2021, 7: eabg1455
Chen Z, Li W, Fan Z, et al. All-ferroelectric implementation of reservoir computing. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 3585
Usami Y, van de Ven B, Mathew D G, et al. In-materio reservoir computing in a sulfonated polyaniline network. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2102688
Han J, Yun S, Lee S, et al. A review of artificial spiking neuron devices for neural processing and sensing. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2204102
Li X, Zhong Y, Chen H, et al. A memristors-based dendritic neuron for high-efficiency spatial-temporal information processing. Adv Mater, 2023, 35
Han C Y, Fang S L, Cui Y L, et al. Configurable NbOx memristors as artificial synapses or neurons achieved by regulating the forming compliance current for the spiking neural network. Adv Elect Mater, 2023, 9: 2300018
Han S, Mao H Z, Dally W J. Deep compression: compressing deep neural networks with pruning, trained quantization and Huffman coding. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations, Vancouver, 2016
Yang J, Zhang F, Xiao H M, et al. A perovskite memristor with large dynamic space for analog-encoded image recognition. ACS Nano, 2022, 16: 21324–21333
Zhu C Z, Han S, Mao H, et al. Trained ternary quantization. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Learning Representations, Toulouse, 2017
Courbariaux M, Bengio Y, David J P. BinaryConnect: training deep neural networks with binary weights during propagations. In: Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Montreal, 2015
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52103311, 62075240), Scientific Researches Foundation of National University of Defense Technology (Grant No. ZK18-01-03), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB2205804).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, Y., Tan, Y., Kang, Y. et al. Bioinspired sensing-memory-computing integrated vision systems: biomimetic mechanisms, design principles, and applications. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 67, 151401 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-023-3888-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-023-3888-0