Abstract
With increasing demands for clean and sustainable energy, the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and long life expectancy have made supercapacitors one of the major emerging devices for electrochemical energy storage and power supply. However, one of the key challenges for SCs is their limited energy density, which has hindered their wider application in the field of energy storage. Despite significant progress has been achieved in the fabrication of high-energy density positive electrodes materials, negative electrode materials with high capacitance and a wide potential window are relatively less explored. In this review, we introduced some new negative electrode materials except for common carbon-based materials and what’s more, based on our team’s work recently, we put forward some new strategies to solve their inherent shortcoming as electrode material for SCs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu C, Li F, Ma L P, et al. Advanced materials for energy storage. Adv Mater, 2010, 22: 28–62
Yu G, Hu L, Vosgueritchian M, et al. Solution-processed graphene/MnO2 nanostructured textiles for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Nano Lett, 2011, 11: 2905–2911
Chen H, Cong T N, Yang W, et al. Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review. Prog Nat Sci, 2009, 19: 291–312
Baker J N, Collinson A. Electrical energy storage at the turn of the Millennium. Power Eng J, 1999, 13: 107112
Walawalkar R, Apt J, Mancini R. Economics of electric energy storage for energy arbitrage and regulation in New York. Energy Policy, 2007, 35: 2558–2568
Naoi K, Naoi W, Aoyagi S, et al. New generation “nanohybrid supercapacitor”. Acc Chem Res, 2013, 46: 1075–1083
Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang J. A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev, 2012, 41: 797–828
Simon P, Gogotsi Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat Mater, 2008, 7: 845–854
Vangari M, Pryor T, Jiang L. Supercapacitors: Review of materials and fabrication methods. J Energ Eng, 2013, 139: 72–79
Stoller M D, Park S, Zhu Y, et al. Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett, 2008, 8: 3498–3502
Chen K, Song S, Xue D. An ionic aqueous pseudocapacitor system: Electroactive ions in both a salt electrode and redox electrolyte. RSC Adv, 2014, 4: 23338–23343
Miller J R, Simon P. Materials science: Electrochemical capacitors for energy management. Science, 2008, 321: 651–652
Cheng Y, Zhang H, Lu S, et al. Flexible asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy and high power density in aqueous electrolytes. Nanoscale, 2013, 5: 1067–1073
Lu X F, Lin J, Huang Z X, et al. Three-dimensional nickel Oxide@Carbon hollow hybrid networks with enhanced performance for electrochemical energy storage. Electrochim Acta, 2015, 161: 236–244
Li Q, Liang C L, Lu X F, et al. Ni@NiO core–shell nanoparticle tube arrays with enhanced supercapacitor performance. J Mater Chem A, 2015, 3: 6432–6439
Wang G M, Wang H Y, Lu X H, et al. Solid-state supercapacitor based on activated carbon cloths exhibits excellent rate capability. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 2676–2682.
Wang W, Liu W, Zeng Y X, et al. A novel exfoliation strategy to significantly boost the energy storage capability of commercial carbon cloth. Adv Mater, 2015, 27: 3572–3578
Yu M H, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, et al. Water surface assisted synthesis of large-scale carbon nanotube film for high-performance and stretchable supercapacitors. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 4724–4729
Yu M H, Huang Y C, Li C, et al. Building three-dimensional graphene frameworks for energy storage and catalysis. Adv Funct Mater, 2015, 25: 324–330
Zhai T, Wang F X, Yu M H, et al. 3D MnO2-graphene composites with large areal capacitance for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Nanoscale, 2013, 5: 6790–6796
Chen K, Song S, Liu F, et al. Structural design of graphene for use in electrochemical energy storage devices. Chem Soc Rev, 2015, 44: 6230–657
Chen K, Song S, Xue D. Beyond graphene: Materials chemistry toward high performance inorganic functional materials. J Mater Chem A, 2015, 3: 2441–2453
Zhong J H, Wang A L, Li G R, et al. Co3O4/Ni(OH)2 composite mesoporous nanosheet networks as a promising electrode for supercapacitor applications. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22: 5656–5665
Li G R, Wang Z L, Zheng F L, et al. ZnO@MoO3 core/shell nanocables: Facile electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21: 4217–4221
Yu M H, Zeng Y X, Han Y, et al. Valence-optimized vanadium oxide supercapacitor electrodes exhibit ultrahigh capacitance and super-long cyclic durability of 100000 cycles. Adv Funct Mater, 2015, 25: 3534–3540
Li H B, Yu M H, Lu X H, et al. Amorphous cobalt hydroxide with superior pseudocapacitive performance. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2014, 6: 745–749
Feng J X, Ye S H, Lu X F, et al. Asymmetric paper supercapacitor based on amorphous porous Mn3O4 negative electrode and Ni(OH)2 positive electrode: A novel and high-performance flexible electrochemical energy storage device. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2015, 7: 11444–11451
He Y B, Li G R, Wang Z L, et al. Single-crystal ZnO nanorod/amorphous and nanoporous metal oxide shell composites: Controllable electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. Energ Environ Sci, 2011, 4: 1288–1292
Zhai T, Lu X H, Ling Y, et al. A new benchmark capacitance for supercapacitor anodes by mixed-valence sulfur-doped V6O(13–x). Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 5869–5875
Peng S, Li L, Tan H, et al. MS2(M = Co and Ni) hollow spheres with tunable interiors for high-performance supercapacitors and photovoltaics. Adv Funct Mater, 2014, 24: 2155–2162
Xia X, Zhu C, Luo J, et al. Synthesis of free-standing metal sulfide nanoarrays via anion exchange reaction and their electrochemical energy storage application. Small, 2013, 10: 766–773
Zhai T, Lu X H, Wang H, et al. An electrochemical capacitor with applicable energy density of 7.4 Wh/kg at average power density of 3000 W/kg. Nano Lett, 2015, 15: 3189–3194
Lu X H, Liu T Y, Zhai T, et al. Improving the cycling stability of metal-nitride supercapacitor electrodes with a thin carbon shell. Adv Energy Mater, 2013, 4: 168–175
Balogun M S, Qiu W, Wang W, et al. Recent advances in metal nitrides as high-performance electrode materials for energy storage devices. J Mater Chem A, 2015, 3: 1364–1387
Lu X H, Wang G, Zhai T, et al. Stabilized TiN nanowire arrays for high-performance and flexible supercapacitors. Nano Lett, 2012, 12: 5376–5381
Lu X H, Yu M H, Zhai T, et al. High energy density asymmetric quasi-solid-state supercapacitor based on porous vanadium nitride nanowire anode. Nano Lett, 2013, 13: 2628–2633
Wang Z L, He X J, Ye S H, et al. Design of polypyrrole/polyaniline double-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2014, 6: 642–647
Liu T, Finn L, Yu M H, et al. Polyaniline and polypyrrole pseudocapacitor electrodes with excellent cycling stability. Nano Lett, 2014, 14: 2522–2527
Wang Z L, Guo R, Ding L X, et al. Controllable template-assisted electrodeposition of single-and multi-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage. Sci Rep, 2013, 3: 1204
Wang X, Lu X H, Liu B, et al. Flexible energy-storage devices: design consideration and recent progress. Adv Mater 2014, 26: 4763–4782
Yu M H, Qiu W T, Wang F X, et al. Three dimensional architectures: design, assembly and application in electrochemical capacitors. J Mater Chem A, 2015, 3: 15792–15823
Chang J, Jin M, Yao F, et al. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO2 nanospheres and graphene/MoO3 nanosheets with high energy density. Adv Funct Mater, 2013, 23: 5074–5083
Hall P J, Mirzaeian M, Fletcher S I, et al. Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: Designing functional materials to improve performance. Energ Environ Sci, 2010, 3: 1238–1251
Lu X H, Yu M H, Wang G M, et al. Flexible solid-state supercapacitors: design, fabrication and applications. Energ Environ Sci, 2014, 7: 2160–2181
Feng J X, Ye S H, Wang A L, et al. Flexible cellulose paper-based asymmetrical thin film supercapacitors with high-performance for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Funct Mater, 2014, 24: 7093–7101
Yan J, Fan Z J, Sun W, et al. Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/Graphene and porous graphene electrodes with high energy density. Adv Funct Mater, 2012, 22: 2632–2641
Lu X H, Yu M H, Wang G M, et al. H-TiO2@MnO2//H-TiO2@C core–shell nanowires for high performance and flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv Mater, 2013, 25: 267–272
Wang K, Wu H, Meng Y, et al. Conducting polymer nanowire arrays for high performance supercapacitors. Small, 2013, 10: 14–31
Lu X F, Chen X Y, Zhou W, et al. alpha-Fe2O3@PANI core-shell nanowire arrays as negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2015, 7: 14843–14850
Lu X H, Zeng Y X, Yu M H, et al. Oxygen-deficient hematite nanorods as high-performance and novel negative electrodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 3148–3155
Yang P, Ding Y, Lin Z, et al. Low-cost high-performance solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors based on MnO2 nanowires and Fe2O3 nanotubes. Nano Lett, 2014, 14: 731–736
Zhai T, Lu X H, Ling Y, et al. A new benchmark capacitance for supercapacitor anodes by mixed-valence sulfur-doped V6O(13–x). Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 5869–5875
Chen K, Liu F, Song S, et al. Water crystallization to create ice spacers between graphene oxide sheets for highly electroactive graphene paper. CrystEngComm, 2014, 16: 7771–7776
Chen K F, Liu F, Xue D F, et al. Carbon with ultrahigh capacitance when graphene paper meets K3Fe(CN)6. Nanoscale, 2014, 7: 432–439
Liu F, Song S Y, Xue D F, et al. Folded structured graphene paper for high performance electrode materials. Adv Mater, 2012, 24: 1089–1094
Liu L, Niu Z, Zhang L, et al. Nanostructured graphene composite papers for highly flexible and foldable supercapacitors. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 4855–4862
Dai L, Chang D W, Baek J B, et al. Carbon nanomaterials for advanced energy conversion and storage. Small, 2012, 8: 1130–1166
Shi L, He H, Fang Y, et al. Effect of heating rate on the electrochemical performance of MnOX@CNF nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrodes. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59: 1832–1837
Liu F, Xue D. An electrochemical route to quantitative oxidation of graphene frameworks with controllable C/O ratios and added pseudocapacitances. Chem Eur J, 2013, 19: 10716–10722
Yu M H, Wang W, Li C, et al. Scalable self-growth of Ni@NiO core-shell electrode with ultrahigh capacitance and super-long cyclic stability for supercapacitors. NPG Asia Materials, 2014, 6: e129
An B, Xu S, Li L, et al. Carbon nanotubes coated with a nitrogen-doped carbon layer and its enhanced electrochemical capacitance. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1: 7222–7228
Kim N D, Buchholz D B, Casillas G, et al. Hierarchical design for fabricating cost-effective high performance supercapacitors. Adv Funct Mater, 2014, 24: 4186–4194
Lu Y, Huang Y, Zhang F, et al. Functionalized graphene oxide based on p-phenylenediamine as spacers and nitrogen dopants for high performance supercapacitors. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59: 1809–1815
Xu J, He F, Gai S, et al. Nitrogen-enriched, double-shelled carbon/layered double hydroxide hollow microspheres for excellent electrochemical performance. Nanoscale, 2014, 6: 10887–10895
Li C, Hu Y, Yu M H, et al. Nitrogen doped graphene paper as a highly conductive, and light-weight substrate for flexible supercapacitors. RSC Adv, 2014, 4: 51878–51883
Chen K, Xue D. Chemical reaction and crystallization control on electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. Sci Sin Tech, 2015, 45: 36–49
Lee K H, Lee Y W, Ko A R, et al. Single-crystalline mesoporous molybdenum nitride nanowires with improved electrochemical properties. J Am Ceram Soc, 2013, 96: 37–39
Aricò A S, Bruce P, Scrosati B, et al. Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. Nat Mater, 2005, 4: 366–377
Tian W, Wang X, Zhi C, et al. Ni(OH)2 nanosheet@ Fe2O3 nanowire hybrid composite arrays for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Nano Energy, 2013, 2: 754–763
Jeong J M, Choi B G, Lee S C, et al. Hierarchical hollow spheres of Fe2O3@Polyaniline for lithium ion battery anodes. Adv Mater, 2013, 25: 6250–6255
Lee K, Deng S, Fan H M, et al. α-Fe2O3 nanotubes-reduced graphene oxide composites as synergistic electrochemical capacitor materials. Nanoscale, 2012, 4: 2958–2961
Wang S X, Jin C C, Qian W J. Bi2O3 with activated carbon composite as a supercapacitor electrode. J Alloys Compd, 2014, 615: 12–17
Yu M H, Han Y, Cheng X Y, et al. Holey tungsten oxynitride nanowires: novel anodes efficiently integrate microbial chemical energy conversion and electrochemical energy storage. Adv Mater, 2015, 27: 3085–3091
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, X., Li, G. & Tong, Y. A review of negative electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 58, 1799–1808 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-015-5931-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-015-5931-z