Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), and the wave model (WAVEWATCH III) are used to develop a coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model, which involves different physical processes including air-forcing, ocean feedback, wave-induced mixing and wave-current interaction. In this paper, typhoon KAEMI (2006) has been examined to investigate the effect of wind-current interaction on ocean response based on the coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model, i.e., considering the sea surface currents in the calculation of wind stress. The results show that the wind-current interaction has a noticeable impact on the simulation of 10 m-winds. The model involving the effect of the wind-current interaction can dramatically improve the typhoon prediction. The wind-current interaction prevents excessive momentum fluxes from being transferred into the upper ocean, which contributes to a much smaller turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), vertical diffusivity, and horizontal advection and diffusion. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cooling induced by the wind-current interaction during the initial stage of typhoon development is so minor that the typhoon intensity is not very sensitive to it. When the typhoon reaches its peak, its winds can disturb thermocline, and the cold water under the thermocline is pumped up. However, this cooling process is weakened by the wind-current interaction, as ocean feedback delays the decay of the typhoon. Meanwhile, the temperature below the depth of 30 m shows an inertial oscillation with a period about 40 hours (∼17°N) when sudden strong winds beat on the ocean. Due to faster currents, the significant wave height decreases as ignoring the wind-current interaction, while this process has a very small effect on the dominant wave length.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tuleya R E, Kurihara Y. A note on the sea surface temperature sensitivity of a numerical model of tropical storm genesis. Mon Wea Rev, 1982, 110: 2063–2069
Emanuel K A. An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J Atmos Sci, 1986, 43: 585–604
Zhu H Y, Ulrich W, Smith R. Ocean effects on tropical cyclone intensification and inner-core asymmetries. J Atmos Sci, 2004, 61: 1245–1258
Black P G. Ocean temperature changes induced by tropical cyclones. Doctor Dissertation. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 1983. 278
Price J F. Upper ocean response to a hurricane. J Phys Oceanogr, 1981, 11: 153–175
Gallacher P C, Rotunno R, Emanuel K A. Tropical cyclogenesis in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Preprints, 18th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, San Diego: Amer Meteor Soc Press, 1989. 121–122
Khain A P, Ginis I. The mutual response of a moving tropical cyclone and the ocean. Beitr Phys Atmosph, 1991, 64: 125–141
Schade L R, Emanuel K A. The ocean’s effect on the intensity of tropical cyclones: Results from a simple coupled atmosphere-ocean model. J Atmos Sci, 1999, 56: 642–651
Wu L G, Wang B, Braun S A. Impact of air-sea interaction on tropical cyclone track and intensity. Mon Weather Rev, 2005, 133: 3299–3314
Bao J W, Wilczak J M, Choi J K, et al. Numerical simulations of air-sea interaction under high wind conditions using a coupled model: A study of hurricane development. Mon Weather Rev, 2000, 128: 2190–2210
Bender, M A, Ginis I. Real-case simulations of hurricane-ocean interaction using a high resolution coupled model: Effects on hurricane intensity. Mon Weather Rev, 2000, 128: 917–946
Bender M A, Ginis I, Tuleya R, et al. The operational GFDL coupled hurricane-ocean prediction system and a summary of its performance. Mon Weather Rev, 2007, 135: 3965–3989
Emanuel K, DesAutels C, Holloway C, et al. Environmental control of tropical cyclone intensity. J Atmos Sci, 2004, 61: 843–858
Lin I I, Wu C C, Emanuel K A, et al. The interaction of supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a warm ocean eddy. Mon Weather Rev, 2005, 133: 2635–2649
Davis C, Wang W, Chen S S, et al. Prediction of 33 landfalling hurricanes with the Advanced Hurricane WRF Model. Mon Weather Rev, 2008, 136: 1990–2005
Yablonsky R M, Ginis I, Limitation of one-dimensional ocean models for coupled hurricane-ocean model forecasts. Mon Weather Rev, 2009, 137: 4410–4419
Doyle J D. Coupled ocean wave/atmosphere mesoscale model simulations of cyclogenesis. Tellus, 1995, 47A: 766–778
Lionello P, Malguzzi P, Buzzi A. Coupling between the atmospheric circulation and ocean wave field: An idealized case. J Phys Oceanogr, 1998, 28: 161–177
Desjardins S, Mailhot J, Lalbeharry R. Examination of the impact of a coupled atmospheric and ocean wave system. Part I: Atmospheric aspects. J Phys Oceanogr, 2000, 30: 385–401
Doyle J D. Coupled atmosphere-ocean wave simulations under high wind conditions. Mon Weather Rev, 2002, 130: 3087–3099
Makin V K, Mastenbroek C. Impact of waves on air-sea exchange of sensible heat and momentum. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1996, 79: 279–300
Zhang Y, Perrie W, Li W. Impacts of waves and sea spray on midlatitude storm structure and intensity. Mon Weather Rev, 2006, 134: 2418–2442
Liu L, Fei J F, Zheng J, et al. Numerical study of ocean waves and droplets effect on typhoon “Shan Shan” (in Chinese). Acta Meteor Sin, 2011, 69: 693–705
Wada A, Kohno N, Kawai Y. Impact of wave-ocean interaction on typhoon Hai-Tang in 2005. SOLA, 2010, 6A: 13–16
Wang G S, Qiao F L. Ocean temperature responses to Typhoon Mstsa in the East China Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin, 2008, 27: 26–38
Moon I J. Impact of a coupled ocean wave-tide-circulation system on coastal modeling. Ocean Modelling, 2005, 8: 203–236
Fan Y, Ginis I, Hara T. The effect of wind-wave-current interaction on air-sea momentum fluxes and ocean response in tropical cyclones. J Phys Oceanogr, 2009, 39: 1019–1034
Wang G S, Qiao F L, Xia C S. Parallelization of a coupled wave-circulation model and its application. Ocean Dynamics, 2010, 60: 331–339
Black W J, Dickey T D. Observations and analyses of upper ocean responses to tropical storms and hurricanes in the vicinity of Bermuda. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113: C08009
Chen S S, Price J F, Zhao W, et al. The CBLAST Hurricane Program and the next generation fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean models for hurricane research and prediction. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 2007, 88: 311–317
Liu B, Liu H, Xie L, et al. A coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling system: Simulation of the intensity of an idealized tropical cyclone. Mon Weather Rev, 2011, 139: 132–152
Ginis I, Dikinov Kh Zh. Modeling of the Typhoon Virginia (1978) forcing on the ocean. Sov Meteor Hydrol Engl Transl, 1989, 7: 53–60
Jacob S D, Shay L K, Mariano A J, et al. The 3-D mixed layer response to hurricane Gilbert. J Phys Oceanogr, 2000, 30: 1407–1429
Morey S L, Bourassa M A, Dukhovskoy D S, et al. Modeling studies of the upper ocean response to a tropical cyclone. Ocean Dynamics, 2006, 56: 594–606
Charnock H. Wind stress on a water surface. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 1955, 81: 639–640
Qiao F L, Yuan Y, Yang Y, et al. Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model. Geophys Res Lett, 2004, 31: L11303
Mellor, G. L. Users guide for a three-dimensional primitive equation numerical ocean model. Princeton University, 2004. 56
Skamarock W C, Klemp J B, Dudhia J, et al. A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. NCAR Tech Notes-468+STR. 2005.
Gentry M S. Sensitivity of WRF simulations of Hurricane Ivan to horizontal resolution. Master Degree Thesis. Dept. of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, 2007. 197
Corbosiero K L. Advanced Research WRF high resolution simula tions of the inner core structures of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma (2005). Proceedings, 8th Annual WRF Users Workshop, Boulder, CO, NCAR. 2007
Kagimoto T, Yamagata T. Seasonal transport variations of the Kuroshio: An OGCM simulation. J Phys Oceanogr, 1997, 27: 403–418
Xia C S, Qiao F L, Yang Y Z. Three-dimensional structure of the summertime circulation in the Yellow Sea from a wave-tide circulation coupled model. J Geophys Res, 2006, 111: C11S03
Tolman H L. Validation of WAVEWATCH III version 1.15 for a global domain. NOAA/NWS/NCEP/OMB Technical Note 213, 2002, 33
Ma C, Yang J, Wu D, et al. The Kuroshio extension: A leading mechanism for the seasonal sea-level variability along the West Coast of Japan. Ocean Dynamics, 2009, 60: 667–672
Braun S A, Montgomery M T, Pu Z. High-resolution simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part I: The organization of eyewall vertical motion. J Atmos Sci, 2006, 63: 19–42
Zhang W, Perrie W. The influence of air-sea roughness, sea spray, and storm translation speed on waves in North Atlantic Storms. J Phys Oceanogr, 2008, 38: 817–839
Chen S S, Zhao W, Tenerelli J E, et al. Impact of the Pathfinder sea surface temperature on atmospheric forcing in the Japan/East Sea. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28: 4539–4542
Chen S, Campbell T, Jin H, et al. Effect of two-way air-sea coupling in high and low wind speed regimes. Mon Weather Rev, 2011, 138: 3579–3602
Tseng Y, Jan S, Dietrich D E, et al. Modeled oceanic response and sea surface cooling to Typhoon Kai-Tak. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 2010, 21: 85–98
Lin I, Liu W T, Wu C, et al. New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone. Geophys Res Lett, 2003, 30: 1781
D’Asaro E A, Sanford T B, Niiler P P, et al. Cold wake of Hurricane Frances. Geophys Res Lett, 2007, 34: L15609
Liu L, Fei J F, Lin X P, et al. Study of ocean response during Typhoon KEAMI (2006). Acta Meteor Sin, 2011, 25: 625–638
Levitus S. Climatological atlas of the world ocean. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Professional Paper, 1982. 173
Chen S S, Knaff J, Marks F D. Effect of vertical wind shear and storm motion on tropical cyclone rainfall asymmetry deduced from TRMM. Mon Weather Rev, 2006, 134: 3190–3208
Tsai Y L, Chern C S, Wang J. The upper ocean response to a moving typhoon. J Oceanogr, 2008, 64: 115–130
Moon I J, Ginis I, Hara T. Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange. Part II: Behavior of drag coefficient under tropical cyclones. J Atmos Sci, 2004, 61: 2334–2348
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, L., Fei, J., Cheng, X. et al. Effect of wind-current interaction on ocean response during Typhoon KAEMI (2006). Sci. China Earth Sci. 56, 418–433 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4548-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4548-3