Abstract
In the Dongting water system, the Carassius auratus (Crucian carp) complex is characterized by the coexistence of diploid forms (2n=100, 2nCC) and polyploid forms. Chromosomal and karyotypic analyses have suggested that the polyploid C. auratus has a triploid (3n=150, 3nCC) and a tetraploid origin (4n=200), respectively. However, there is a lack of direct genetic evidence to support this conclusion. In this paper, analysis of the 5S rDNA chromosomal locus revealed that the 3nCC is of triploid origin. Analysis of the species-specific chromosomal centromere locus revealed that 3nCC individuals possess three sets of C. auratus-derived chromosomes. Our results provide direct cytogenetic evidence suggesting that individuals with 150 chromosomes are of autotriploid origin within the C. auratus complex. It marks an important contribution to the study of polyploidization and the evolution of vertebrates.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Cherfas, N.B. (1966). Natural triploidy in females of the goldfish (Carssius auratus gibelio). Genetica 12, 16–24.
Fan, L., Yang, S., and Gui, J. (2001). Differential screening and characterization analysis of the egg envelope glycoprotein ZP3 cDNAs between gynogenetic and gonochoristic crucian carp. Cell Res 11, 17–27.
Gui, J., and Zhou, L. (2010). Genetic basis and breeding application of clonal diversity and dual reproduction modes in polyploidy Carassius auratus gibelio. Sci China Life Sci 53, 409–415.
He, W., Qin, Q., Liu, S., Li, T., Wang, J., Xiao, J., Xie, L., Zhang, C., and Liu, Y. (2012). Organization and variation analysis of 5S rDNA in different ploidy-level hybrids of red crucian carp×topmouth culter. PLoS One 7, e38976.
Jakovlic, I., and Gui, J.F. (2011). Recent invasion and low level of divergence between diploid and triploid forms of Carassius auratus complex in Croatia. Genetica 139, 789–804.
Jiang, F., Wang, Z., Zhou, L., Jiang, L., Zhang, X., Apalikova, O.V., Brykov, V.A., and Gui, J. (2013). High male incidence and evolutionary implications of triploid form in northeast Asia Carassius auratus complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 66, 350–359.
Koboyasi, H. (1971). A Cytological study on gynogenesis of the triploid ginbuna (Carassius auratus langsdorfii). Zool Mag 80, 316–322.
Li, X., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Hong, W., Liu, W., Zhang, J., and Gui, J. (2014). Evolutionary history of two divergent Dmrt1 genes reveals two rounds of polyploidy origins in gibel carp. Mol Phylogenet Evol 78, 96–104.
Liu, S. (2010). Distant hybridization leads to different ploidy fishes. Sci China Life Sci 53, 416–425.
Liu, S., Qin, Q., Xiao, J., Lu, W., Shen, J., Li, W., Liu, J., Duan, W., Zhang, C., Tao, M., Zhao, R., Yan, J., and Liu, Y. (2007). The formation of the polyploidy hybrids from different subfamily fish crossing and its evolutionary significance. Genetics 176, 1023–1034.
Luo, J., Stadler, P.F., He, S., and Meyer, A. (2007). PCR survey of hox genes in the Goldfish Carassius auratus auratus. J Exp Zool 308B, 250–258.
Luo, J., Gao, Y., Ma, W., Bi, X., Wang, S., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Chai, J., Du, R., Wu, S., Meyer, A., Zan, R., Xiao, H., Murphy, R.W., and Zhang, Y. (2014). Tempo and mode of recurrent polyploidization in the Carassius auratus species complex (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Heredity 112, 415–427.
Martins, C.P., and Galetti, P.M. (2001). Organization of 5S rDNA in species of the fish Leporinus: two different genomic locations are characterized by distinct nontranscribed spacers. Genome 44, 903–910.
Mezhzherin, S.V., and Kokodii, S.V. (2010). Genetic structure of silver crussian carp Carassius (Superspecies auratus) (Linnaeus, 1758) colonies from the Middle Dnieper. Genetika 46, 817–824.
Murakami, M., and Fujitani, H. (1998). Characterization of repetitive DNA sequences carrying 5S rDNA of the triploid ginbuna (Japanese silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfi). Genes Genet Syst 73, 9–20.
Qin, Q., He, W., Liu, S., Wang, J., Xiao, J., and Liu, Y. (2010). Analysis of 5S rDNA organization and variation in polyploid hybrids from crosses of different fish subfamilies. J Exp Zool 2010, 314B: 403–411.
Qin, Q., Dai, J., Liu, S., and Liu, Y. (2014a). Characteristic of genetic composition and reproduction in allotriploid offspring of Red crucian carp (♀) ×blunt snout bream (♂). J Fish China 38, 356–361.
Qin, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Dai, J., Liu, Y., and Liu, S. (2014b). The abnormal chromosome behavior during meiosis was revealed in allotetraploid of Carassius auratus red var. (♀) × Megalobrama amblycephala (♂). BMC Genet 15, 95.
Qin, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Dai, J., Xiao, J., Hu, F., Luo, K., Tao, M., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., and Liu, S. (2014c). The autotetraploid fish derived from hybridization of Carassius auratus red var. (female) × Megalobrama amblycephala (male). Biol Reprod 91, 93.
Qin, Q., Wang, J., Dai, J., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., and Liu, S. (2015). Induced all-female autotriploidy in the allotetraploids of Carassius auratus red var. (♀)×Megalobrama amblycephala (♂). Mar Biotechnol 17, 604–612.
Venkatesh, B. (2003). Evolution and diversity of fish genomes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13, 588–592.
Wang, J., Li, J., Zhang, X., and Sun, X. (2012). Transcriptome analysis reveals the time of the fourth round of genome duplication in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). BMC Genomics 13, 96.
Xiao, J., Zou, T., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Liu, S., Tao, M., Zhang, C., Zhao, R., Zhou, Y., Long, Y., You, C., Yan, J., and Liu, Y. (2011). Coexistence of diploid, triploid and tetraploid crucian carp (Carassius auratus) in natural waters. BMC Genet 12, 20.
Xu, K., Duan, W., Xiao, J., Tao, M., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., and Liu, S. (2015). The development and application of biological technologies in fish genetic breeding. Sci China Life Sci 58, 187–201.
Yang, X., Chen, M., Yu, X., and Chen, H. (1992). Preliminary studies on the mode of reproduction in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) of Pengze. Acta Hydrobiol Sin 16, 277–280.
Yu, X. (1989). China Freshwater Fisheries Chromosome. Beijing: Science Publishing House.
Yu, H., Xu, H., and Guan, H. (1992). Preliminary study on the karyotypes of the natural gynogenetic crucian carp Carassius auratus (A form) of Puan, Guizhou province. Acta Hydrobiol Sin 16, 87–89.
Zan, R., and Song, Z. (1980). Analysis and comparison between the karyotypes of Cyprinus carpioand Carassius auratusas well as Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Acta Genet Sin 17, 72–80.
Zan, R. (1982). Studies of sex chromosomes and C-banding karyotypes of two forms of Carassius auratusin Kunming Lake. Acta Genet Sin 9, 32–39.
Zhou, L., and Gui, J. (2002). Karyotypic diversity in polyploid gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelioBloch. Genetica 115, 223–232.
Zhu, H., Ma, D., and Gui, J. (2006). Triploid origin of the gibel carp as revealed by 5S rDNA localization and chromosome painting. Chromosome Res 14, 767–776.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Contributed equally to this work
This article is published with open access at link.springer.com
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Qin, Q., Wang, J., Hu, M. et al. Autotriploid origin of Carassius auratus as revealed by chromosomal locus analysis. Sci. China Life Sci. 59, 622–626 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-5040-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-5040-7