Abstract
polarization energy of the localized charge in organic solids consists of electronic polarization energy, permanent electrostatic interactions, and inter/intra molecular relaxation energies. The effective electronic polarization energies for an electron/hole carrier were successfully estimated by AMOEBA polarizable force field in naphthalene molecular crystals. Both electronic polarization energy and permanent electrostatic interaction were in agreement with the preview experimental values. In addition, the influence of the multipoles from different distributed mutipole analysis (DMA) fitting options on the electrostatic interactions are discussed in this paper. We found that the multipoles obtained from Gauss-Hermite quadrature without diffuse function or grid-based quadrature with 0.325 Å H atomic radius will give reasonable electronic polarization energies and permanent interactions for electron and hole carriers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bredas JL, Beljonne D, Coropceanu V, Cornil J. Charge-transfer and energy-transfer processes in π-conjugated oligomers and polymers: a molecular picture. Chem Rev, 2004, 104: 4971–5004
Coropceanu V, Cornil J, da Silva Filho DA, Olivier Y, Silbey R, Bredas JL. Charge transport in organic semiconductors. Chem Rev, 2007, 107: 926–952
Kwiatkowski JJ, Nelson J, Li H, Bredas JL, Wenzel W, Lennartz C. Simulating charge transport in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3). Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2008, 10: 1852–1858
Baumeier B, May F, Lennartz C, Andrienko D. Challenges for in silico design of organic semiconductors. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22: 10971–10976
Cornil J, Verlaak S, Martinelli N, Mityashin A, Olivier Y, Van Regemorter T, D’Avino G, Muccioli L, Zannoni C, Castet F, Beljonne D, Heremans P. Exploring the energy landscape of the charge transport levels in organic semiconductors at the molecular scale. Acc Chem Res, 2012, 46: 434–443
Lyons LE. Ionized states of molecular crystals. Aust J Chem, 1957, 10: 365–367
Lyons LE. Photo- and semi-conductance in organic crystals. Part V. Ionized states in molecular crystals. J Chem Soc, 1957, 0: 5001–5007
Sato N, Inokuchi H, Silinsh EA. Reevaluation of electronic polarization energies in organnic molecular crystals. Chem Phys, 1987, 115: 269–277
Bounds PJ, Munn RW. Polarization energy of a localized charge in a molecular crystal. II. Charge-quadrupole energy. Chem Phys, 1981, 59: 41–45
Silinsh EA, Jurgis AJ. Photogenerated geminate charge-pair separation mechanisms in pentacene crystals. Chem Phys, 1985, 94: 77–90
Sebastian L, Weiser G. Charge-transfer transitions in crystalline anthracene and their role in photoconductivity. Chem Phys, 1983, 75: 103–114
Sebastian L, Weiser G. Charge transfer transitions in solid tetracene and pentacene studied by electroabsorption. Chem Phys, 1981, 1981: 125–135
Bounds PJ, Munn RW. Polarization energy of a localized charge in a molecular crystal. Chem Phys, 1979, 44: 103–112
Eisenstein I, Munn RW. Polarization energy of a localized charge in a molecular crystal. V. Effect of vacancies. Chem Phys, 1983, 77: 47–61
Silinsh EA, Čápek V, Nedbal L. Quantum corrections to polarization energy in linear acene series. Physica Status Solidi B, 1980, 102: 149–152
Soos ZG, Tsiper EV, Pascal Jr RA. Charge redistribution and electronic polarization in organic molecular crystals. Chem Phys Lett, 2001, 342: 652–658
Tsiper EV, Soos ZG. Charge redistribution and polarization energy of organic molecular crystals. PhysRev B, 2001, 64: 195124
Ren P, Ponder JW. Consistent treatment of inter- and intramolecular polarization in molecular mechanics calculations. J Comput Chem, 2002, 23: 1497–1506
Ren P, Ponder JW. Polarizable atomic multipole water model for molecular mechanics simulation. J Phys Chem B, 2003, 107: 5933–5947
Ponder JW, Wu C, Ren P, Pande VS, Chodera JD, Schnieders MJ, Haque I, Mobley DL, Lambrecht DS, DiStasio RA, Head-Gordon M, Clark GNI, Johnson ME, Head-Gordon T. Current status of the AMOEBA polarizable force field. J Phys Chem B, 2010, 114: 2549–2564
Ren P, Wu C, Ponder JW. Polarizable atomic multipole-based molecular mechanics for organic molecules. J Chem Theory Comput, 2011, 7: 3143–3161
Norton JE, Brédas JL. Polarization energies in oligoacene semiconductor crystals. J Am Chem Soc, 2008, 130: 12377–12384
Ryno SM, Lee SR, Sears JS, Risko C, Bredas JL. Electronic polarization effects upon charge injection in oligoacene molecular crystals: description via a polarizable force field. J Phys Chem C, 2013, 117: 13853–13860
Fuchs A, Steinbrecher T, Mommer MS, Nagata Y, Elstner M, Lennartz C. Molecular origin of differences in hole and electron mobility in amorphous Alq3-a multiscale simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2012, 14: 4259–4270
Stone AJ. Distributed multipole ananlysis, or how to describe a molecular charge distribution. Chem Phys Lett, 1981, 83: 233–239
Stone AJ. The Theory of Intermolecular Forces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
Stone AJ. Distributed multipole analysis of gaussian wavefunctions. Version 2.2.09. http://www-stone.ch.cam.ac.uk/documentation/gdma/manual.pdf.
Stone AJ. Distributed multipole analysis: stability for large basis sets. J Chem Theory Comput, 2005, 1: 1128–1132
Thole BT. Molecular polarizabilities calculated with a modified dipole interaction. Chem Phys, 1981, 59: 341–350
van Duijnen PT, Swart M. Molecular and atomic polarizabilities: thole’s model revisited. J Phys Chem A, 1998, 102: 2399–2407
Ponder JW. Tinker: software tools for molecular design, version 6.0. St. Louis, MO: Washington University, 2011
Grimme S. Semiempirical GGA-type density functional constructed with a long-range dispersion correction. J Comput Chem, 2006, 2006: 1787–1799
Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JR, Scalmani G, Barone V, Mennucci B, Petersson GA, Nakatsuji H, Caricato M, Li X, Hratchian HP, Izmaylov AF, Bloino J, Zheng G, Sonnenberg JL, Hada M, Ehara M, Toyota K, Fukuda R, Hasegawa J, Ishida M, Nakajima T, Honda Y, Kitao O, Nakai H, Vreven T, Montgomery JA, Peralta JE, Ogliaro F, Bearpark M, Heyd JJ, Brothers E, Kudin KN, Staroverov VN, Kobayashi R, Normand J, Raghavachari K, Rendell A, Burant JC, Iyengar SS, Tomasi J, Cossi M, Rega N, Millam JM, Klene M, Knox JE, Cross JB, Bakken V, Adamo C, Jaramillo J, Gomperts R, Stratmann RE, Yazyev O, Austin AJ, Cammi R, Pomelli C, Ochterski JW, Martin RL, Morokuma K, Zakrzewski VG, Voth GA, Salvador P, Dannenberg JJ, Dapprich S, Daniels AD, Farkas O, Foresman JB, Ortiz JV, Cioslowski J, Fox DJ. Gaussian 09. Revision C.01. Wallingford CT: Gaussian, Inc., 2009
Brock CP, Dunitz JD. Temperature dependence of thermal motion in crystalline naphthalene. Acta Cryst B, 1982, B38: 2218–2228
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, T., Yin, S. Effective polarization energy of the naphthalene molecular crystal: a study on the polarizable force field. Sci. China Chem. 57, 1375–1382 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-014-5182-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-014-5182-z