Abstract
This paper reviews the recent progress in the electron transfer and interfacial behavior of redox proteins. Significant achievements in the relevant fields are summarized including the direct electron transfer between proteins and electrodes, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties, catalytic activities and activity regulation of the redox proteins. It has been demonstrated that the electrochemical technique is an effective tool for protein studies, especially for probing into the electron transfer and interfacial behavior of redox proteins.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hultquist DE, Sannes LJ, Juckett DA. Catalysis of methemoglobin reduction. Curr Top Cell Regul, 1984, 24: 287–300
Hamachi I, Fujita A, Kunitake T. Protein engineering using molecular assembly: functional conversion of cytochrome c via noncovalent interactions. J Am Chem Soc, 1997, 119: 9096–9102
Hirst J. Elucidating the mechanisms of coupled electron transfer and catalytic reactions by protein film voltammetry. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006, 1757: 225–239
Armstrong FA, Wilson GS. Recent developments in Faradaic bioelectrochemistry. Electrochim Acta, 2000, 45: 2623–2645
Macus RA, Sutin N. Electron transfers in chemistry and biology. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1985, 811: 265–322
Jeuken LJC. Conformational reorganisation in interfacial protein electron transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2003, 1604: 67–76
Closs GL, Miller JR. Intramolecular long-distance electron transfer in organic molecules. Science, 1988, 240: 440–447
Canters GW, van de Kamp M. Protein-mediated electron transfer. Curr Opin Struc Biol, 1992, 2: 859–869
Farid RS, Moser CC, Dutton PL. Electron transfer in proteins. Curr Opin Struc Biol, 1993, 3: 225–233
Yeh P, Kuwana T. Reversible electrode reaction of cytochrome c. Chem Lett, 1977, 1145–1148
Hirst J, Armstrong FA. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry of protein films on pyrolytic graphite edge electrodes: characteristics of electron exchange. Anal Chem, 1998, 70: 5062–5071
Armstrong FA, Hill HAO, Oliver BN. Surface selectivity in the direct electrochemistry of redox proteins. Contrasting behaviour at edge and basal planes of graphite. J Chem Soc Chem Commun, 1984, 106: 976–977
Hagen WR. Direct electron transfer of redox proteins at the bare glassy carbon electrode. Eur J Biochem, 1989, 182: 523–530
Armstrong FA, Cox PA, Hill HAO, Lowe VJ, Oliver BN. Metal ions and complexes as modulators of protein-interfacial electron transport at graphite electrodes. J Electroanal Chem, 1987, 217: 331–366
Fan C, Li G, Zhu D. Recent progress in immobilized enzyme-based reagentless electrochemical biosensors. Curr Top Anal Chem, 2002, 3: 233–251
Armstrong FA, Heering HA, Hirst J. Reactions of complex metalloproteins studied by protein-film voltammetry. Chem Soc Rev, 1997, 26: 169–179
Léger C, Elliott SJ, Hoke KR, Jeuken LJC, Jones AK, Armstrong FA. Enzyme electrokinetics: using protein film voltammetry to investigate redox enzymes and their mechanisms. Biochemistry, 2003, 42: 8653–8662
Armstrong FA. Recent developments in dynamic electrochemical studies of adsorbed enzymes and their active sites. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2005, 9: 110–117
Armstrong FA, Butt JN, Sucheta A. Voltammetric studies of redoxactive centers in metalloproteins adsorbed on electrodes. Methods Enzymol, 1993, 227: 479–500
Fan C, Zhuang Y, Li G, Zhu J, Zhu D. Direct electrochemistry and enhanced catalytic activity for hemoglobin in a sodium montmorillonite film. Electroanalysis, 2000, 33: 1156–1158
Fan C, Gao Q, Zhu D, Wagner G, Li G. An unmediated hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on hemoglobin incorporated in a montmorillonite membrane. Analyst, 2001, 126: 1086–1089
Fan C, Liu X, Pang J, Li G, Scheer H. Highly sensitive voltammetric biosensor for nitric oxide based on its high affinity with hemoglobin. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 523: 225–228
George P, Hanania G. A spectrophotometric study of ionizations in methaemoglobin. Biochem J, 1953, 55: 236–243
Lvov Y, Ariga K, Ichinose I, Kunitake T. Assembly of multicomponent protein films by means of electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption. J Am Chem Soc, 1995, 117: 6117–6123
Nassar AE, Willis WS, Rusling JF. Electron transfer from electrodes to myoglobin: facilitated in surfactant films and blocked by adsorbed biomacromolecules. Anal Chem, 1995, 67: 2386–2392
Kauppinen JK, Moffatt DJ, Mantsch HH, Cameron DG. Fourier self-deconvolution: a method for resolving intrinsically overlapped brends. Appl Spectrosc, 1981, 35: 271–276
Pang J, Fan C, Liu X, Chen T, Li G. A nitric oxide biosensor based on the multi-assembly of hemoglobin/montmorillonite/polyvinyl alcohol at a pyrolytic graphite electrode. Biosens Bioelectron, 2003, 19: 441–445
Liu B, Hu R, Deng J. Characterization of immobilization of an enzyme in a modified Y zeolite, matrix and its application to an amperometric glucose biosensor. Anal Chem, 1997, 69: 2343–2348
Chauhan S, Takeuchi K, Iyengar MRS, Chattoo BB. Chainia penicillin V acylase: strain characteristics, enzyme immobilization, and kinetic studies. Curr Microbiol, 1998, 37: 186–190
Hashemi MM, Beni YA. Copper(I) chloride/kieselgubr: a versatile catalyst for oxidation of alkyl halides and alkyl tosylates to the carbonyl compounds. J Chem Res-S, 1999, 7: 434–435
Wang H, Guan R, Fan C, Zhu D, Li G. A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the bioelectrocatalysis of hemoglobin incorporated in a kieselgubr film. Sens Actuat B, 2002, 84: 214–218
Fan C, Wang H, Zhu D, Wagner G, Li G. Incorporation of horseradish peroxidase in a kieselguhr membrane and the application to a mediator-free hydrogen peroxide sensor. Anal Sci, 2001, 17: 273–276
Shang L, Liu X, Fan C, Li G. A nitric oxide biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase/kieselgubr co-modified pyrolytic graphite electrode. Annali di Chimica, 2004, 94: 457–462
Niemeyer CM, Adler M, Pignataro B, Lenhert S, Gao S, Chi L, Fuchs H, Blohm D. Self-assembly of DNA-streptavidin nanostructures and their use as reagents in immuno-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res, 1999, 27: 4553–4561
Stellwagen E. Haem exposure as the determinate of oxidation- reduction potential of haem proteins. Nature, 1978, 275: 73–74
Fan C, Chen X, Li G, Zhu J, Zhu D, Scheer H. Direct electrochemical characterization of the interaction between haemoglobin and nitric oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2000, 2: 4409–4413
Fan C, Li G, Zhu J, Zhu D. A reagentless nitric oxide biosensor based on hemoglobin-DNA films. Anal Chim Acta, 2000, 423: 95–100
Shang L, Sun Z, Wang X, Li G. Enhanced peroxidase activity of hemoglobin in a DNA membrane and its application to an unmediated hydrogen peroxide biosensor. Anal Sci, 2003, 19: 1537–1539
Shang L, Liu X, Zhong J, Fan C, Suzuki I, Li G. Fabrication of ultrathin, protein-containing films by layer-by-layer assembly and electrochemical characterization of hemoglobin entrapped in the film. Chem Lett, 2003, 32: 296–297
Lisdat F, Ge B, Krause B, Ehrlich A, Bienert H, Scheller F. Nucleic acid-promoted electron transfer to cytochrome c. Electroanalysis, 2001, 13: 1225–1230
Chen X, Ruan C, Kong J, Deng J. Spectroelectrochemical investigation of direct electron transfer between resting horseradish peroxidase and its oxidation states promoted by DNA. Fresenius J Anal Chem, 2000, 367: 172–177
Bray RC. The inorganic biochemistry of molybdoenzymes Q. Rev Biophys, 1988, 21: 299–329
Hille R. The mononuclear molybdenum enzymes. Chem Rev, 1996, 96: 2757–2816
Liu X, Peng W, Xiao H, Li G. DNA facilitating electron transfer reaction of xanthine oxidase. Electrochem Commun, 2005, 7: 562–566
Fan C, Wang H, Sun S, Zhu D, Wagner G, Li G. Electron transfer reactivity and enzymatic activity of hemoglobin in a SP sephadex membrane. Anal Chem, 2001, 73: 2850–2854
Liu X, Chen T, Liu L, Li G. Electrochemical characteristics of heme proteins in hydroxyethylcellulose film. Sens Actuat B, 2006, 113: 106–111
Young LS, Martin WJ, Meyer RD, Weinstein RJ, Anderson ET. Gram-negative rod bacteremia: microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med, 1977, 864: 456–471
Ma X, Sun Z, Zheng X, Li G. Electrochemistry and electrocatalytic properties of heme proteins incorporated in lipopolysaccharide films. J Anal Chem, 2006, 61: 669–672
Yang J, Hu N. Direct electron transfer for hemoglobin in biomembrane-like dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine films on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 1999, 48: 117–127
Fan C, Pang J, Shen P, Li G, Zhu D. Nitric oxide biosensors based on Hb/phosphatidylcholine films. Anal Sci, 2002, 18: 129–132
Liu X, Zhang W, Huang Y, Li G. Enhanced electron-transfer reactivity of horseradish peroxidase in phosphatidylcholine films and its catalysis to nitric oxide. J Biotechnol, 2004, 108: 145–152
Liu X, Zheng X, Xu Y, Li G. Multi-step reduction of nitric oxide by cytochrome c entrapped in phosphatidylcholine films. J Mol Catal B, 2005, 33: 9–13
Liu X, Xiao H, Shang L, Wang X, Li G. Electrochemical studies of hemoglobin and myoglobin embedded in dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid films. Anal Lett, 2005, 38: 453–462
Liu X, Huang Y, Shang L, Wang X, Xiao H, Li G. Electron transfer reactivity and the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase incorporated in dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid films. Bioelectrochemistry, 2006, 68: 98–104
Liu X, Shang L, Pang J, Li G. A reagentless nitric oxide biosensor based on hemoglobin/polyethyleneimine film. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2003, 38: 119–122
Wen Z, Ye B, Zhou X. Direct electron transfer reaction of glucose oxidase at bare silver electrodes and its application in analysis. Electroanalysis, 1997, 9: 641–644
Chi Q, Zhang J, Dong S, Wang E. Direct electrochemistry and surface characterization of glucose oxidase adsorbed on anodized carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta, 1994, 39: 2431–2438
Zhang W, Huang Y, Dai H, Wang X, Fan C, Li G. Tuning the redox and enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase in layered organic films and its application in glucose biosensors. Anal Biochem, 2004, 329: 85–90
Xu Y, Peng W, Liu X, Li G. A new film for the fabrication of an unmediated H2O2 biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron, 2004, 20: 533–537
Zhou H, Yang R, Xu Y, Han K, Li G. Direct electrochemistry and catalytic activity of hemoglobin and myoglobin entrapped in PEG film. Anal Lett, 2005, 38: 2103–2115
Van Loosdrecht MCM, Pot MA, Heijnen JJ. Importance of bacterial storage polymers in bioprocesses. Water Sci Technol, 1997, 35: 41–47
Reddy CSK, Ghai R, Rashmi, Kalia VC. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: an overview. Bioresour Technol, 2003, 87: 137–146
Ma X, Liu X, Xiao H, Li G. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate membrane. Biosens Bioelectron, 2005, 20: 1836–1842
Chen G, Ma X, Zhang X, Huang J, Li G. An electrochemical study of myoglobin entrapped in three kinds of films. Sensor Lett, 2007, 5: 463–466
Kamiyama T, Sadahide Y, Nogusa Y, Gekko K. Polyol-induced molten globule of cytochromec: an evidence for stabilization by hydrophobic interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1999, 1434: 44–57
Fan C, Wagner G, Li G. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the electron transfer reactivity of hemoglobin. Bioelectrochemistry, 2001, 54: 49–51
Fan C, Lu J, Zhang W, Suzuki I, Li G. Enhanced electron-transfer reactivity of cytochrome b5 by dimethyl sulfoxide and N, N′- dimethylformamide. Anal Sci, 2002, 18: 1031–1033
Rusling JF, Forster RJ. Electrochemical catalysis with redox polymer and polyion-protein films. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2003, 262: 1–15
Moller JV, Le Maire M. Detergent binding as a measure of hydrophobic surface area of integral membrane proteins. J Biol Chem, 1993, 268: 18659–18672
Liu X, Xu Y, Ma X, Li G. A third-generation hydrogen peroxide biosensor fabricated with hemoglobin and triton X-100. Sens Actuat B, 2005, 106: 284–288
Ma X, Chen T, Liu L, Li G. Electrochemical studies on polysorbate 20 entrapped hemoglobin and its application to hydrogen peroxide biosensor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2005, 41: 279–282
Liu X, Shang L, Sun Z, Li G. Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin in dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide film and its electrocatalysis to nitric oxide. J Biochem Biophys Methods, 2005, 62: 143–151
Zhou H, Yang R, Shang L, Zhu Z, Li G. Electron transfer reactivity and the catalytic activity of hemoglobin incorporated in dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate film. J Braz Chem Soc, 2005, 16: 1195–1199
Hernandez-Santos D, Gonzalez-Garcia MB, Garcia AC. Metalnanoparticles based electroanalysis. Electroanalysis, 2002, 14: 1225–1235
Katz E, Willner I, Wang J. Electroanalytical and bioelectroanalytical systems based on metal and semiconductor nanoparticles. Electroanalysis, 2004, 16: 19–44
Gan X, Liu T, Zhu X, Li G. An electrochemical biosensor for nitric oxide based on silver nanoparticles and hemoglobin. Anal Sci, 2004, 20: 1271–1275
Gan X, Liu T, Zhong J, Liu X, Li G. Effect of silver nanoparticles on the electron transfer reactivity and the catalytic activity of myoglobin. ChemBioChem, 2004, 5: 1686–1691
Liu T, Zhong J, Gan X, Fan C, Li G, Matsuda N. Wiring electrons of cytochrome c with silver nanoparticles in layered films. ChemPhysChem, 2003, 4: 1364–1366
Dutton PL, Wilson DF, Lee CP. Oxidation-reduction potentials of cytochromes in mitochondria. Biochemistry, 1970, 9: 5077–5082
Xiao Y, Patolsky F, Katz E, Hainfeld JF, Willner I. “Plugging into enzymes”: nanowiring of redox enzymes by a gold nanoparticle. Science, 2003, 299: 1877–1881
Zhao J, Zhu X, Li T, Li G. Self-assembled multilayer of gold nanoparticles for amplified electrochemical detection of cytochrome c. Analyst, 2008, 133: 1242–1245
Huang Y, Zhang W, Xiao H, Li G. An electrochemical investigation of glucose oxidase at a CdS nanoparticles modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron, 2005, 21: 817–821
Zhou H, Gan X, Liu T, Yang Q, Li G. Effect of nano cadmium sulfide on the electron transfer reactivity and peroxidase activity of hemoglobin. J Biochem Biophys Methods, 2005, 64: 38–45
Zhou H, Gan X, Liu T, Yang Q, Li G. Electrochemical study of photovoltaic effect of nano titanium dioxide on hemoglobin. Bioelectrochemistry, 2006, 69: 34–40
Zhou H, Xu Y, Chen T, Suzuki I, Li G. Electrochemistry of xanthine oxidase and its interaction with nitric oxide. Anal Sci, 2006, 22: 337–340
Zhu X, Yuri I, Gan X, Suzuki I, Li G. Electrochemical study of the effect of nano-zinc oxide on microperoxidase and its application to more sensitive hydrogen peroxide biosensor preparation. Biosens Bioelectron, 2007, 22: 1600–1604
Liu XF, Theil EC. Ferritins: dynamic management of biological iron and oxygen chemistry. Acc Chem Res, 2005, 38: 167–175
Lindsay S, Brosnahan D, Watt GD. Hydrogen peroxide formation during iron deposition in horse spleen ferritin using O–2 as an oxidant. Biochemistry, 2001, 40: 3340–3347
Chen G, Zhu X, Meng F, Yu Z, Li G. Apoferritin as a bionanomaterial to facilitate the electron transfer reactivity of hemoglobin and the catalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide. Bioelectrochemistry, 2008, 72: 77–80
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. John Wiley&Sons Inc: New York, 2003
Laviron E. Adsorption, autoinhibition and autocatalysis in polarography and in linear potential sweep voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem, 1974, 52: 355–393
Bard AJ. Electroanalytical Chemistry. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1984
Laviron E. General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems. J Electroanal Chem, 1979, 101: 19–28
Rusling JF, Nassar AEF. Enhanced electron transfer for myoglobin in surfactant films on electrodes. J Am Chem Soc, 1993, 115: 11891–11897
Meites L. Polarographic Techniques.2nd ed. Wiley: New York, 1965
Bond AM. Modern Polarographic Methods In Analytical Chemistry. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1980
Hamachi I, Fujita A, Kunitake T. Enhanced N-demethylase activity of cytochrome c bound to a phosphate-bearing synthetic bilayer membrane. J Am Chem Soc, 1994, 116: 8811–8812
Halliwella B, Clementb MV, Longvsdfa LH. Hydrogen peroxide in the human body. FEBS Lett, 2000, 486: 10–13
Mala Ekanayake EMI, Preethichandra DMG, Kaneto K. Bifunctional amperometric biosensor for low concentration hydrogen peroxide measurements using polypyrrole immobilizing matrix. Sens Actuat B, 2008, 132: 166–171
Clarc LC. The hydrogen peroxide sensing platinum anode as an analytical enzyme electrode. Method Enzymol, 1979, 56: 448–479
Wang J, Naser N, Angnes L, Hui W, Chen L. Metal-dispersed carbon paste electrodes. Anal Chem, 1992, 64: 1285–1288
Gorton L, Jonsson-Pettersson G, Csoregi E, Johansson K, Dominguez E, Marko-Varga G. Amperometric biosensors based on an apparent direct electron transfer between electrodes and immobilized peroxidase. Analyst, 1992, 117: 1235–1241
Ferri T, Poscia A, Santucci R. Direct electrochemistry of membrane-entrapped horseradish peroxidase. Part I. A voltam-metric and spectroscopic study. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 1998, 44: 177–181
Stamler J S. Redox signaling nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide. Cell, 1994, 78: 931–936
Stamler J S, Singel D J, Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redoxactivated forms. Science, 1992, 258: 1898–1902
Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J, 1992, 6: 3051–3064
Yao SJ, Xu W, Wolfson SK. A micro carbon electrode for nitric oxide monitoring. ASAIO J, 1995, 41: 404–409
Younathan JN, Wood KS, Meyer TJ. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite and nitrosyl by iron(III) protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester immobilized in an electropolymerized film. Inorg Chem, 1992, 31: 3280–3285
Eich RF, Li T, Lemon DD, Doherty DH, Curry SR, Aitken JF, Mathews AJ, Johnson KA, Smith RD, Phillips GN, Olson JS. Mechanism of NO-induced oxidation of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Biochemistry, 1996, 35: 6976–6983
Rusling JF. Enzyme bioelectrochemistry in cast biomembrane-like films. Acc Chem Res, 1998, 31: 363–369
Nassar AEF, Bobbitt JM, Stuart JD, Rusling JF. Catalytic reduction of organohalide pollutants by myoglobin in a biomembrane like surfactant film. J Am Chem Soc, 1995, 117: 10986–10993
Wang J, Liang Z, Wang L, Fan C, Li G. Electron transfer reactivity and catalytical activity of structurally rigidized hemoglobin. Sens Actuat B, 2007, 125: 17–21
Saini S, Hall CF, Downs ME, Turner AP. Organic phase enzyme electrodes. Anal Chim Acta, 1991, 249: 1–15
Bogdanovskaya VA, Kuznetsova LN, Tarasevich MR. Bioelectrocatalytic and enzymic activity of laccase in water-ethanol solutions. Russ J Electrochem, 2002, 38: 1074–1081
Zhang W, Zhou H, Li G, Scheer H. An electrochemical study of hemoglobin in water-glycerol solutions. Biophys Chem, 2004, 111: 229–233
Tambwekar SV, Subrahmanyam M. Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide: an energy bargain. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 1997, 22: 959–965
Li QW, Luo GA, Feng J. Direct electron transfer for heme proteins assembled on nanocrystalline TiO2 film. Electroanalysis, 2001, 13: 359–363
Zhou H, Gan X, Wang J, Zhu X, Li G. Hemoglobin-based hydrogen peroxide biosensor tuned by the photovoltaic effect of nano titanium dioxide. Anal Chem, 2005, 77: 6102–6104
Durán N, Rosa MA, D’Annibale A, Gianfreda L. Application of laccases and tyrosinases (phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review. Enzym Microbiol Technol, 2002, 31: 907–931
Zhou H, Liu L, Yin K, Liu S, Li G. Electrochemical investigation on the catalytic ability of tyrosinase with the effect of nano titanium dioxide. Electrochem Commun, 2006, 8: 1168–1172
Lu WD, Atkins WM. A novel antioxidant role for ligandin behavior of glutathione S-transferases: Attenuation of the photodynamic effects of hypericin. Biochemistry, 2004, 43: 12761–12769
Zhao J, Meng W, Miao P, Yu Z, Li G. Photodynamic effect of hypericin on the conformation and catalytic activity of hemoglobin. Int J Mol Sci, 2008, 9: 145–153
Lin J, Vitello LB, Erman JE. Imidazole binding to horse metmyoglobin: dependence upon pH and ionic strength. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1998, 352: 214–228
Cohen DJ, King BC, Hawkridge FM. Spectroelectrochemical and electrochemical determination of ligand binding and electron transfer properties of myoglobin, cyanomyoglobin, and imidazolemyoglobin. J Electroanal Chem, 1998, 447: 53–62
Zhang W, Fan C, Sun Y, Li G. An electrochemical investigation of ligand-binding abilities of film-entrapped myoglobin. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2003, 1623: 29–32
Macdonald RL, Zhang J, Weir B, Marton LS, Wollman R. Adenosine triphosphate causes vasospasm of the rat femoral artery. Neurosurgery, 1998, 42: 825–863
Peng W, Liu X, Zhang W, Li G. An electrochemical investigation of effect of ATP on hemoglobin. Biophys Chem, 2003, 106: 267–273
Perutz MF, Shih DTB, Williamson D. The chloride effect in human haemoglobin, a new kind of allosteric mechanism. J Mol Biol, 1994, 239: 555–560
Fronticelli C, Sanna MT, Perez-Alvarado GC, Karavitis M, Lu AL, Brinigar WS. Allosteric modulation by tertiary structure in mammalian hemoglobins. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270: 30588–30592
Eddowes MJ, Hill HAO, Uosaki K. The electrochemistry of cyto chrome c investigation of the mechanism of the 4,4′-bipyridyl surface modified gold electrode. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 1980, 77: 527–537
Sun Y, Liu X, Fan C, Zhang W, Li G. Electrochemical investigation of the chloride effect on hemoglobin. Bioelectrochemistry, 2004, 64: 23–27
Yang R, Gao G, Liu T, Liu S, Li G. Enhanced ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen by salidroside. Electrochem Commun, 2007, 9: 94–96
Gallet PF, Petit JM, Maftah A, Zachowski A, Julien R. Asymmetrical distribution of cardiolipin in yeast inner mitochondrial membrane triggered by carbon catabolite repression. Biochem J, 1997, 324: 627–634
Tuominen EKJ, Wallace CJA, Kinnunen PKJ. Phospholipid-cytochrome c interaction. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277: 8822–8826
Liu X, Kim CN, Yang J, Jemmerson R, Wang X. Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome C. Cell, 1996, 86: 147–157
Hajnóczky G, Davies E, Madesh M. Calcium signaling and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2003, 304: 445–454
Huang Y, Liu L, Shi C, Huang J, Li G. Electrochemical analysis of the effect of Ca2+ on cardiolipin-cytochrome c interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006, 1760: 1827–1830
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 90406005 & 20575028) and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, the Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. NCET-04-0452).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, N., Cao, Y. & Li, G. Electron transfer and interfacial behavior of redox proteins. Sci. China Chem. 53, 720–736 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-0134-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-0134-8