Abstract
Purpose
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and imidacloprid (IMI) are the typical inorganic contaminants and neonicotinoid insecticides, the transformation processes of which are poorly understood when they co-exist in soil.
Materials and methods
Here, five soils with contrasting properties were spiked with Cr(VI) (250 mg kg−1) and IMI (10 mg kg−1) and incubated for 90 days to determine their interactions and transformation or degradation.
Results and discussion
The aging process Cr(VI) was divided into three phases corresponding with day 1 and days 2–50/70 and 50/70–90. The Cr(VI) content decreased by 62.0–95.2% in soils spiked with 250 mg Cr(VI) kg−1, slightly lower than that in soils spiked with 250 mg Cr(VI) kg−1 and 10 mg IMI kg−1 together (75.1–98.0%). Addition of 250 mg Cr(VI) kg−1 significantly increased the half-life of IMI to 89.7–192 days compared with 54.2–159 days in soils spiked with 10 mg IMI kg−1 only. HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis reveals the presence of four transformation products (TPs) of IMI after incubation for 90 days, namely TP209, TP211, TP226 and TP240, and the presence of 250 mg Cr(VI) kg−1 promoted the formation of TP240.
Conclusions
The results indicate that the addition of IMI scarcely influenced the aging process of Cr(VI) while the latter had significant effects in the transformation process of the former. These findings shed new light on our understanding of the fate of co-occurring Cr(VI) and IMI contaminants in soils.
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The data generated or analyzed during the current study are available in this article and supplementary information files.
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The present study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC1809203 and 2018YFC1800303).
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Xianan’ Yu: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing original draft preparation, Writing-Reviewing and Editing. Tingting Mu: Writing-Reviewing and Editing. Tong Zhou: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing-Reviewing and Editing, Funding Acquisition. Yujuan Huang: Methodology, Investigation. Hong Chen: Methodology, Investigation. Changxun Dong: Methodology. Longhua Wu: Methodology, Investigation, Writing-Reviewing and Editing. Peter Christie: Writing-Reviewing and Editing.
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Yu, X., Mu, T., Zhou, T. et al. Transformation of exogenous hexavalent chromium and imidacloprid in soils. J Soils Sediments 24, 863–873 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03683-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03683-9