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Life cycle assessment on improvement strategies of environmental sustainability for a liquified natural gas plant in Indonesia

  • LCA FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND FOOD PRODUCTS
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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of liquified natural gas (LNG) process production, identify the increasing potential of environmental performance, publish environmental product declarations, and contribute to a national database of environmental impacts.

Methods

The analysis scope covers raw material receiving, a liquefaction process, utility, and storage and loading of the product. The assessed impacts are categorized as primary, secondary, and energy usage impacts using a life cycle assessment method that refers to ISO 14040-2016 and ISO 14044-2017 guidelines. The three methods for impact evaluation included ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) v.1.03, CML-IA Baseline v.3.05, and cumulative energy demand (CED) methods.

Results

Every ton of LNG product produced global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, and eutrophication potential of 699.31 kg CO2-eq, 2.62 × 10−4 kg CFC11-eq, 0.4281 kg SO2-eq, and 0.1155 kg PO4-eq, respectively. The secondary impact of the photochemical oxidant was 0.81968 kg C2H4-eq/ton. Abiotic depletion potential–fossil was observed at 23.41183 MJ/ton, while non-fossil was 0.0000041 kg Sb-eq/ton. Biotic depletion potential included terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecotoxicity produced 3.0439 kg 1,4-DCB-eq/ton, 0.0452 kg 1,4-DCB-eq/ton, and 0.0630 kg 1,4-DCB-eq/ton, respectively. Carcinogenic and toxicity impacts produced 0.0681 kg 1,4-DCB-eq/ton and 1.966 kg 1,4-DCB-eq/ton. The impact on the water footprint of every ton of LNG was at 2.6387 m3, and land use change was evaluated at 0.0883 m3a corp-eq. Analysis of cumulative energy demand identified that the LNG plant needs only non-renewable energy. The specific energy consumption is 29,151.056 MJ/ton.

Conclusions

This study identified that the hotspots included the steam generation unit in Utility II and sour gas absorption in all studied trains. Steam generation produces more CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions. Besides, the utility applied phosphate and boiler feed water. The process of sour gas adsorption needs electricity and polydimethylsiloxane as an adsorbent.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study is related to the PROPER 2021 Program of PT Badak NGL from the Ministry of Environmental and Forestry of Republic of Indonesia. The authors gratefully acknowledge Elvin N Nadhifatin and Ridha C Rachmani from PT ITS Tekno Sains as external practitioners. Our appreciation goes to Che Hafizan, Aditya P Iswara, and Ahmad E Afiuddin for their critical reviews.

Funding

This work was supported by PT Badak NGL-Republic of Indonesia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. PT Badak NGL, Kelurahan Satimpo, Kecamatan Bontang Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Kota Bontang, 75324, Indonesia

    Sapto Benarimo & Edi Lukito

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, 55584, Indonesia

    Muflih Arisa Adnan

  3. Study Program of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia

    Margono & Sunu Herwi Pranolo

Authors
  1. Sapto Benarimo
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  2. Edi Lukito
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  4. Margono
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunu Herwi Pranolo.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Communicated by Guido W. Sonnemann.

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Benarimo, S., Lukito, E., Adnan, M.A. et al. Life cycle assessment on improvement strategies of environmental sustainability for a liquified natural gas plant in Indonesia. Int J Life Cycle Assess 28, 1142–1154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-023-02191-9

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