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Causal propensity as an antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions

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Abstract

The tourism sector is a sector with many opportunities for business development. Entrepreneurship in this sector promotes economic growth and job creation. Knowing how entrepreneurial intention develops facilitates its transformation into entrepreneurial behaviour. Entrepreneurial behaviour can adopt a causal logic, an effectual logic or a combination of both. Considering the causal logic, decision-making is done through prediction. In this way, entrepreneurs try to increase their market share by planning strategies and analysing possible deviations from their plans. Previous literature studies causal entrepreneurial behaviour, as well as variables such as creative innovation, proactive decisions and entrepreneurship training when the entrepreneur has already created his or her firm. However, there is an obvious gap at a stage prior to the start of entrepreneurial activity when the entrepreneurial intention is formed. This paper analyses how creativity, proactivity, entrepreneurship education and the propensity for causal behaviour influence entrepreneurial intentions. To achieve the research objective, we analysed a sample of 464 undergraduate tourism students from two universities in southern Spain. We used SmartPLS 3 software to apply a structural equation methodology to the measurement model composed of nine hypotheses. The results show, among other relationships, that causal propensity, entrepreneurship learning programmes and proactivity are antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. These findings have implications for theory, as they fill a gap in the field of entrepreneurial intentions. Considering propensity towards causal behaviour before setting up the firm is unprecedented. Furthermore, the results of this study have practical implications for the design of public education policies and the promotion of business creation in the tourism sector. These policies should promote causal, proactive and creative behaviour in their entrepreneurship training. In this way, such policies would boost the entrepreneurial intention of individuals, which is an essential element to business creation.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Seville, Seville, Spain

    Alicia Martín-Navarro & Félix Velicia-Martín

  2. INDESS (University of Cadiz), Cadiz, Spain

    Alicia Martín-Navarro & José Aurelio Medina-Garrido

  3. NECE-Research Center in Business Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

    Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues

Authors
  1. Alicia Martín-Navarro
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  2. Félix Velicia-Martín
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  3. José Aurelio Medina-Garrido
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  4. Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues
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Correspondence to José Aurelio Medina-Garrido.

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Appendix: Questions used in the survey

Appendix: Questions used in the survey

CAUSAL PROPENSITY

(Martín-Navarro et al., 2021)

1. I usually design a long-term plan to organise myself in my tasks

2. I prefer to have predetermined goals and to strive to achieve the results of these goals

3. I analyse long-run opportunities and select what I think would provide the best returns

4. I try to avoid uncertain situations to the greatest possible extent

5. When I set goals to achieve, I analyse my competitors in depth

6. I usually implement control processes to make sure I meet the objectives

7. I think my relationships with those who can influence my future should be long term and goal oriented

CREATIVITY

(Zampetakis, 2008)

1. I exhibit creativity on my assignments when given the opportunity to

2. I develop adequate plans and schedules for the implementation of new ideas

3. I come up with creative solutions to problems

4. I am a good source of creative ideas

PROGRAM LEARNING

(Lechuga Sancho et al., 2020)

The courses and offerings I attended…

1. …increased my understanding of the actions someone has to take to start a business

2. …enhanced my practical management skills in order to start a business

3. …enhanced my ability to identify an opportunity

4. …enhanced my ability to develop networks

5. …increased my understanding of the attitudes, values and motivations of entrepreneurs

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS

(Liñán & Chen, 2009)

1. I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur

2. My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur

3. I will make every effort to start and run my own firm

4. I am determined to create a firm in the future

5. I have very seriously thought of starting a firm

6. I have the firm intention to start a firm some day

PROACTIVITY

(Seibert et al., 2001)

1. I am constantly on the lookout for new ways to improve my life

2. Wherever I have been, I have been a powerful force for constructive change

3. Nothing is more exciting than seeing my ideas turn into reality

4. If I see something I don’t like, I fix it

5. No matter what the odds, if I believe in something I will make it happen

6. I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others’ opposition

7. I excel at identifying opportunities

8. I am always looking for better ways to do things

9. If I believe in an idea, no obstacle will prevent me from making it happen

10. I can spot a good opportunity long before others can

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Martín-Navarro, A., Velicia-Martín, F., Medina-Garrido, J.A. et al. Causal propensity as an antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions. Int Entrep Manag J 19, 501–522 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-022-00826-1

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