Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR. Viral pneumonia. Lancet. 2011;377:1264–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cilloniz C, Martin-Loeches I, Garcia-Vidal C, San Jose A, Torres A (2016) Microbial etiology of pneumonia: epidemiology, diagnosis and resistance patterns Int J Mol Sci 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122120
World Health Organization. Fact sheets. The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Retrieved on 10 Sep 2021
Nair GB, Niederman MS. Community-acquired pneumonia: an unfinished battle. Med Clin North Am. 2011;95:1143–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2011.08.007.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chomistek AK, Cook NR, Flint AJ, Rimm EB. Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity and risk of major chronic disease in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1898–905. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31825a68f3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Erikssen G, Liestol K, Bjornholt J, Thaulow E, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet. 1998;352:759–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02268-5.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Laddu DR, Lavie CJ, Phillips SA, Arena R. Physical activity for immunity protection: Inoculating populations with healthy living medicine in preparation for the next pandemic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sato K, Okada S, Sugawara A, Tode N, Watanuki Z, Suzuki K, Ichinose M. Improving physical activity ensures the long-term survival of pneumonia patients in a super-aged society: a retrospective study in an acute-care hospital in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016;238:237–45. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.238.237.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baik I, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Bendich A, Willett WC, Fawzi WW. A prospective study of age and lifestyle factors in relation to community-acquired pneumonia in US men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3082–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.20.3082.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inoue Y, et al. Risk and protective factors related to mortality from pneumonia among middleaged and elderly community residents: the JACC Study. J Epidemiol. 2007;17:194–202. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.17.194.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Williams PT. Dose-response relationship between exercise and respiratory disease mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:711–7. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000142.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamer M, O’Donovan G, Stamatakis E. Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland. Prev Med. 2019;123:65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.002.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson ML, Walker R, Lee S, Larson E, Dublin S (2016) Predicting 2-year risk of developing pneumonia in older adults without dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 64:1439–1447 https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14228
Paulsen J, et al. Associations of obesity and lifestyle with the risk and mortality of bloodstream infection in a general population: a 15-year follow-up of 64 027 individuals in the HUNT Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:1573–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx091.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chastin SFM, et al. Effects of regular physical activity on the immune system, vaccination and risk of community-acquired infectious disease in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021;51:1673–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01466-1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6: e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stroup DF, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology JAMA: The. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283:2008–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews Syst Rev. 2016;5:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sterne JA, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Guyatt G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1 Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:383–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kunutsor SK, Isiozor NM, Khan H, Laukkanen JA (2021a) Handgrip strength-a risk indicator for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies Diabetes Metab Res Rev 37:e3365 https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3365
Kunutsor SK, Makikallio TH, Seidu S, de Araujo CGS, Dey RS, Blom AW, Laukkanen JA. Physical activity and risk of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35:431–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00579-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Makikallio TH, Dey RS, Laukkanen JA. Physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation in the general population: meta-analysis of 23 cohort studies involving about 2 million participants. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36:259–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00714-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Voutilainen A, Blom AW, Laukkanen JA. Handgrip strength-a risk indicator for future fractures in the general population: findings from a prospective study and meta-analysis of 19 prospective cohort studies. Geroscience. 2021;43:869–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00251-8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen HG, et al. Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:2191–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01998-3.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis Stat Med. 2002;21:1539–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186.
Article
Google Scholar
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses BMJ. 2003;327:557–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thompson SG, Sharp SJ. Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods. Stat Med. 1999;18:2693–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991030)18:20%3c2693::AID-SIM235%3e3.0.CO;2-V[pii].
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50:1088–101.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–34.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ahmadi MN, Huang BH, Inan-Eroglu E, Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Lifestyle risk factors and infectious disease mortality including COVID-19 among middle aged and older adults: evidence from a community-based cohort study in the United Kingdom. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;96:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.022.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hemila H, Kaprio J, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Physical activity and the risk of pneumonia in male smokers administered vitamin E and beta-carotene. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27:336–41. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865670.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ikeda T, et al. Can Daily walking alone reduce pneumonia-related mortality among older people? Sci Rep. 2020;10:8556. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65440-z.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Physical activity and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US women. Am J Med. 2010;123:281 e287-281 e211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.07.028.
Article
Google Scholar
Ogunmoroti O et al. (2016) Association between life’s simple 7 and noncardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis J Am Heart Assoc 5 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003954
Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:12–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e3280128bbb.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mora S, Lee IM, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA. 2006;295:1412–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.12.1412.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Church TS, Barlow CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Priest EL, Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and reactive protein in men. Arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology. 2002;22:1869–76.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 2002;13:561–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EDE.0000023965.92535.C0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nieman DC, Henson DA, Austin MD, Brown VA. Immune response to a 30-minute walk. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000149808.38194.21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shimizu K, Kimura F, Akimoto T, Akama T, Kuno S, Kono I. Effect of free-living daily physical activity on salivary secretory IgA in elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:593–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318031306d.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Monton C, Torres A. Lung inflammatory response in pneumonia. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998;53:56–63.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McTiernan A. Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:205–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2325.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsuji I, et al. Impact of walking upon medical care expenditure in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:809–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg189.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piercy KL, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320:2020–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Peregoy JA. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2008–2010. Vital Health Stat. 2013;10:1–184.
Google Scholar
Harvey JA, Chastin SF, Skelton DA. Prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10:6645–61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126645.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, Shay DK, Yu O, Hanson CA, Jackson LA. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1642–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/425615.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van der Ploeg HP, Chey T, Ding D, Chau JY, Stamatakis E, Bauman AE. Standing time and all-cause mortality in a large cohort of Australian adults. Prev Med. 2014;69:187–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.004.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards P, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Roberts I, Wentz R. Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records. Stat Med. 2002;21:1635–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1190.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar