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Groundwater vulnerability to fluoride pollution and health risk assessment in the western part of Odisha, India

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Abstract

The fluoride dynamics of the Dharmagarh Block of Kalahandi District, Odisha, India, and associated health risk assessment have been studied. Complex data matrices were evaluated using groundwater quality index, fluoride pollution index, and principal component analysis to understand the geological evolution and identify potential sources for fluoride pollution. The study region comprises granite, granitic gneiss, and khondalite of hard and compact rock of Precambrian Eon, which supplies mostly the fluoride-bearing minerals. Altogether thirty-four (34) groundwater samples across the entire study area were collected and subjected to various physico-chemical analyses. The majority of the groundwater in the proposed region is hard to very hard type with Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 being the two dominant facies. Groundwater contains fluoride in concentrations ranging from 0.21 to 2.26 mg/L. The statistical analysis of the quality parameters reveals the moderate positive correlation of fluoride with sodium (0.392) and pH (0.313) and week positive correlation with EC, TDS, TH, TA, Mg2+, and HCO3−, which directly depicts the initiation of fluoride problem within the study area. Based on the water quality index, 23.53% samples are good, 73.53% are poor, and 2.94% are very poor in nature. With respect to fluoride pollution index, 5.88% samples show high pollution, 55.88% samples show medium pollution, and 38.24% of samples show low pollution index. Human health risk assessment has also been carried out using the hazard quotient of fluoride. Altogether 70.59% of samples show Total Hazard Index (THI) values < 1 suggesting low risk of cancer and within the permissible range, whereas 29.41% of samples show THI > 1 suggesting the non-carcinogenic risk of pollutants, which exceeds the allowable limit for all the classes of male, female and children.

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Acknowledgements

The first author is very much thankful to DST, Govt. of Odisha for providing financial support for carrying out the major research project No. 1427/ST, ST-SCST-MISC-0015-2019 dated 06.03.2020.

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  1. Department of Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India

    Nandita Mahanta & Shreerup Goswami

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Both the authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Nandita Mahanta. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nandita Mahanta and was reviewed by Shreerup Goswami. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mahanta, N., Goswami, S. Groundwater vulnerability to fluoride pollution and health risk assessment in the western part of Odisha, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 35878–35896 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33620-3

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